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GOING  AFOOT 


EMBLEM  OF  THE  LEAGUE  OF  WALKERS 


GOING    AFOOT 

A  Book  on  Walking 


BAYARD  H.  CHRISTY 


Published  for 
the  League  of  Walkers 

BY 

ASSOCIATION       PRESS 

NEW  YORK:  347  MADISON  AVENUE 
1920 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Special  acknowledgment  is  gladly  made  to  the 
respective  publishers  for  permission  to  use  the  fol- 
lowing copyrighted  material: 

Quotations  from  the  Journals  of  Henry  D.  Thor- 
eau,  copyright  by  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Company; 
"Trees,"  by  Joyce  Kilmer,  copyright  by  George  H. 
Doran  Company;  "Uphill,"  from  "Poems,"  by  Chris- 
tina Rossetti,  copyright  by  Little,  Brown  &  Com- 
pany, Publishers,  Boston;  "Overflow,"  by  John  Ban- 
ister Tabb,  copyright  by  Small,  Maynard  &  Com- 
pany; "The  Lake  Isle  of  Innisfree,"  by  William 
Butler  Yeats,  copyrig}it:by  The  Macmillan  Company. 

tfdne  of  ,ti}G  £tv&ye,jpiaterial  should  be  reprinted 
without  securing  permiss.ioji. 


COPYRIGHT,  1920,  BY 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  COMMITTEE  OF 

YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATIONS 


To 
GEORGE  J.  FISHER 

AT  WHOSE  INSTANCE,  AND  WITH  WHOSE 
KINDLY  Aro,  THESE  PAGES  WERE  WRITTEN 


430688 


CONTENTS 


I.    How  TO  WALK 


Posture — Wearing  Apparel — Equip- 
ment— Care  of  Body  and  Equipment 
— Companions. 

II.    WHEN  TO  WALK 39 

At  What  Season — The  Hours  of  the 
Day — Speed  and  Distance — Stunt 
Walking — Championship  Walking — 
Competitive  Walking. 

III.  WHERE  TO  WALK 63 

Choice  of  Surroundings — Nature  of 
Country — The  Goal  and  the  Road — 
Maps — Walking  by  Compass. 

IV.  WALKING  CLUBS  IN  AMERICA 79 

The  Appalachian  Mountain  Club — 
The  Green  Mountain  Club — Wan- 
derlust of  Philadelphia — Walking 
Clubs  of  New  York — Some  Western 
Clubs — Association  of  Mountaineer- 
ing Clubs. 

V.    ORGANIZATION  AND  CONDUCT  OF  WALK- 
ING CLUBS 103 

The  Activities  of  a  Walking  Club- 
Rules  for  Hiking — A  Club  Constitu- 
tion— Juvenile  Clubs — League  of 
Walkers. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  .  ,141 


HOW  TO  WALK 


I  have  met  with  but  one  or  two  persons  in  the 
course  of  my  life  who  understood  the  art  of  Walking, 
that  is,  of  taking  walks, — who  had  a  genius,  so  to 
speak,  for  sauntering,  which  word  is  beautifully  de- 
rived "from  idle  people  who  roved  about  the  country, 
in  the  Middle  Ages,  and  asked  charity,  under  pre- 
tense of  going  a  la  Sainte  Terra,"  to  the  Holy  Land, 
till  the  children  exclaimed,  "There  goes  a  Sainte- 
Terrer,"  a  Saunterer,  a  Holy-Lander.  They  who 
never  go  to  the  Holy  Land  in  their  walks,  as  they 
pretend,  are  indeed  mere  idlers  and  vagabonds;  but 
they  who  do  go  there  are  saunterers  in  the  good 
sense,  such  as  I  mean.  Some,  however,  would  de- 
rive the  word  from  saris  ferre,  without  land  or  a 
home,  which,  therefore,  in  the  good  sense,  will  mean, 
having  no  particular  home,  but  equally  at  home 
everywhere.  For  this  is  the  secret  of  successful 
sauntering.  He  who  sits  still  in  a  house  all  the  time 
may  be  the  greatest  vagrant  of  all;  but  the  saunterer, 
in  the  good  sense,  is  no  more  vagrant  than  the 
meandering  river,  which  is  all  the  while  sedulously 
seeking  the  shortest  course  to  the  sea.  But  I  pre- 
fer the  first,  which,  indeed,  is  the  most  probable 
derivation.  For  every  walk  is  a  sort  of  crusade, 
preached  by  some  Peter  the  Hermit  in  us,  to  go 
forth  and  reconquer  this  Holy  Land  from  the  hands 
of  the  Infidels. 

—Henry  D.  Thoreau,  "Walking." 


I 

HOW  TO  WALK 

Observe  the  vigorous  man  as  he  walks:  the 
stride  is  long  and  free;  the  feet  come  surely  and 
firmly  to  the  ground,  without  twist  or  jar,  toes 
pointed  straight  ahead;  the  pelvis,  swaying  eas- 
ily, carries  an  erect  body;  the  arms  swing  in  al- 
ternate rhythm  with  the  legs;  the  head  is  borne 
free  over  all;  breathing  is  deep  and  long;  the 
blood  courses  strongly.  Every  member  shares 
in  the  activity, 

WEARING  APPAREL 

It  must  be  the  pedestrian's  ideal,  when  he 
comes  to  consider  the  matters  of  clothing  and 
burden,  in  the  least  possible  degree  to  interfere 
with  these  full  natural  bodily  motions :  Clothing, 
while  serving  its  purposes  of  protection,  must  not 
bind  nor  rub ;  it  may  help  to  maintain,  but  it  may 
not  disturb  normal  circulation.  Burdens  must 
be  so  imposed  as  to  be  sustained  with  least  effort, 
and  to  leave  the  limbs  unincumbered. 

Footgear  is  of  first  importance.  If  one  is  to 
walk  comfortably,  pleasurably,  effectively,  the 
muscles  of  the  feet  must  have  free  play;  there 
may  be  no  cramping,  straining,  nor  rubbing;  no 
unnatural  position.  In  Japan  the  elegant  people 
toddle  along  in  rainy  weather  upon  blocks  of 
wood  which  raise  their  dainty  slippers  above 
the  mud;  but  your  rickshaw  runner  splashes 
through  the  street  on  soles  as  pliant  as  gloves. 
Shoes  and  stockings  serve  but  one  purpose — that 
of  protection.  If  roads  were  smooth  and  clean, 

[31 


,'/;  ,;  M  G  !G    ING          AFOOT 

people  who  live  in  temperate  climates  would  go 
barefoot. 

When  one  walks  long  and  hard,  the  blood- 
vessels are  distended  and  the  feet  increase  ap- 
preciably in  size.  More  than  that,  in  the  act 
of  walking,  the  forward  part  of  the  foot  is  con- 
stantly changing  in  shape:  the  toes  alternate- 
ly spread  and  contract,  bend  and  straighten. 
The  whole  supple  member  is  full  of  muscular  ac- 
tivity. 

The  pedestrian  accordingly  will  not  advisedly 
clothe  his  feet  in  cotton  stockings  and  close- 
fitting  shoes,  however  well  made.  The  con- 
sequences of  so  doing  would  be  rubbing  and  blis- 
ters, impaired  circulation  and  lameness.  Nor 
will  he  put  on  canvas  shoes,  nor  heelless  shoes,  nor 
rubber-soled  shoes,  nor  shoes  with  cleats  across 
their  soles,  such  as  football  players  wear. 

The  best  material  for  stockings  is  wool,  and 
for  shoes,  leather.  The  preference  for  woolen 
stockings  is  not  primarily  because  of  warmth — 
even  in  hottest  weather  they  are  preferable.  It 
is  because  the  material  is  elastic  and  agreeable 
to  the  skin.  In  winter,  warmth  is  an  added  ad- 
vantage; and,  when  one's  footgear  is  soaked 
through  with  water,  there  is  far  less  danger  of 
taking  cold  in  woolen  stockings  than  in  cotton. 

Stockings  should  be  bulky  and  shoes  roomy. 
The  layer  of  knit  wool  between  foot  and  shoe 
leather  is  elastic ;  it  gives  the  exercising  foot  free 
play,  cushions  the  weight  of  the  body,  and,  by  fill- 
ing all  the  space,  prevents  rubbing.  The  rough 
bulky  stockings  known  as  lumbermen's  socks  are 
excellent.  If  their  coarseness  is  harsh  to  the 
skin,  finer  socks  (of  cotton,  if  preferred)  may  be 
worn  beneath.  If  the  woolen  stockings  available 
are  light,  wear  two  pairs  together.  Never  wear 

[4] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

a  stocking  so  small  or  so  badly  shrunken  as  to 
draw  or  constrain  the  toes. 

Shoes  should  be  roomy.  They  should  when 
put  on  over  heavy  stockings  make  snug  fit 
about  the  heel  and  beneath  the  arch  of  the  foot, 
but  the  forward  part  should  be  soft  and 
wide,  to  give  the  toes  full  play.  The  "sporting" 
shoes  of  shops  are  to  be  let  alone.  The  army 
shoes  are  excellent,  both  of  the  Munson  and  of 
the  Hermann  lasts;  they  have  been  carefully  de- 
signed for  just  such  service  as  the  pedestrian  re- 
quires, and  they  are  most  successful.  It  has  just 
been  said  that  shoes  should  be  large;  they  should 
be  considerably  larger  than  the  wearer's  ordi- 
nary city  shoes,  both  in  length  and  in  width.  It 
is  not  sufficient  to  find  a  shoe  which  is  comfort- 
able in  the  shop;  the  shoe  may  be  wide  enough, 
but  unless  there  be  some  allowance  in  length, 
one's  toes  will,  after  ten  miles  of  hard  walking, 
be  squeezed  till  they  are  tender  and  blistered. 
A  man  who  ordinarily  wears  a  9  B,  for  ex- 
ample, should  buy  a  S1/^  D.  There  should  be 
as  much  allowance  as  that,  at  the  least.  A 
roomy  shoe,  its  looseness  well  filled  (though 
not  packed  tight)  with  bulky,  springy,  coarse 
wool,  coarsely  knit,  is  the  very  best  foot  cover- 
ing. An  additional  advantage  should  be  men- 
tioned: a  tight  shoe,  retarding  circulation, 
may  in  extreme  wintry  weather  increase  unduly 
the  danger  of  frosted  feet.  Heavy  stockings  and 
roomy  shoes  are  free  of  that  defect. 

There  are  no  water-tight  shoes,  except  in  shop 
windows ;  and,  if  there  were,  they  would  at  the 
end  of  a  long  walk,  have  become  very  uncomfort- 
able. 

A  pair  of  army  shoes  should,  with  proper  care, 
last,  without  resoling,  for  200  to  300  miles  of 

[51 


GOING          AFOOT 

walking — depending  on  the  roughness  of  the 
way,  and  whether  one  is  "hard  on  his  shoes." 
If  one  is  planning  a  longer  tour  than  this,  he 
should  provide  two  pairs  of  shoes,  and  wear  them 
on  alternate  days — a  plan  which,  but  for  the 
added  weight,  would  in  any  case  be  preferable. 

Some  men  prefer  to  walk  in  knickerbockers, 
others  in  long  trousers  (see  below).  Most  of 
those  who  prefer  long  trousers  wear  shoes  with 
high  tops,  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  calves, 
and  covering  and  confining  the  ends  of  the  trouser 
legs.  Again,  bad  conditions  of  footing — such  as 
deep  snow,  for  instance,  or  bog  land,  or  low  dense 
growth — may  render  high  shoetops  advantageous. 
Low  shoes  are  not  advisable  under  any  condi- 
tions. For  the  open  road,  shoes  of  ordinary  height 
are  best.  They  should  be  laced,  not  buttoned. 

For  certain  kinds  of  service,  shoes  should  be 
specially  adapted.  Rubber  heels  are  excellent  on 
macadam  roads,  but  it  should  be  borne  in  mind 
that  on  hard  wet  surfaces  rubber  slips.  The 
value  of  rubber  heels  is  greatest  when  walking 
through  level,  well-settled  regions.  When  they 
are  worn,  it  is  well  to  carry  an  extra  pair. 

Hobnails  are  to  be  used  only  when  necessary. 
Any  attachment  to,  and  particularly  any  excre- 
scence from,  the  sole  of  the  shoe,  is  disadvan- 
tageous. Iron  hobs  add  appreciably  to  the 
weight;  and  they  tend  to  localize  a  pressure 
which  should  be  evenly  distributed  over  the  whole 
sole.  For  walking  in  level  or  in  moderately  hilly 
regions,  for  such  simpler  mountaineering  as  con- 
sists in  traversing  highways  and  mounting 
wooded  slopes,  one  does  not  require  hobnails; 
the  soles  of  his  shoes  should  be  of  plain  leather. 
One  should  let  alone  the  rubber  hobs  and  inlays, 
the  small  scattered  spikes,  such  as  he  sees  attrac- 

[61 


HOW          TO          WALK 

lively  displayed  as  part  of  the  golfer's  outfit.  To 
the  pedestrian  these  things  are  not  worth  the 
fancy  prices  asked ;  indeed,  they  are  worth  noth- 
ing to  him.  Hobnails,  then,  must  justify  them- 
selves in  advantages  which  outweigh  their  disad- 
vantages ;  this  they  do  in  difficult  mountaineering. 
Worse  than  useless  on  the  level,  they  become  in 
the  high  mountains  practically  a  necessity.  For 
climbing  steep  slopes,  the  rock  faces  and  the 
dense  short  turf  of  mountain  tops,  for  scaling 
precipices  of  "rotten"  rock,  for  traversing  snow- 
fields  and  icy  ledges,  one  needs  to  be  "rough 
shod."  In  the  Alps  the  soles  of  the  mountaineers' 
shoes  are  studded  all  about  their  rims  with  flugel- 
ndgel — great  square-headed  hobs  of  iron,  with 
"wings"  overlying  the  edges  of  the  soles.  Soft 
iron  proves  to  be  the  very  best  material  to  give 
purchase  on  rock  surfaces,  whether  wet  or  dry, 
and  on  ice  and  snow,  too,  it  is  best.  These  flugel- 
nagel,  known  as  "edging  nails,"  and  round  hobs 
for  the  middle  of  the  sole,  called  "Swedish  hob- 
nails," may  be  had  in  this  country  from  dealers  in 
sportsmen's  goods. 

For  mounting  icy  slopes,  steel  spikes  in  leather 
carriers,  called  crampons,  are  secured  to  the  feet 
over  one's  shoes.  These,  it  is  believed,  are  not 
now  procurable  in  this  country. 

For  snowshoeing  a  soft-soled  shoe  is  prefer- 
able. Deerskin  moccasins  are  not  serviceable  for, 
unless  protected  by  some  outer  covering,  they 
soon  become  water-soaked,  and  then  they  are 
worse  than  useless.  Shoepacks  are  good,  and 
"Barker"  shoes  better.  Barker  shoes  are  made 
with  vamp  of  rubber  and  upper  of  leather.  On 
this  subject,  see  "The  Snowshoe  Manual,"  com- 
piled by  the  Snowshoe  Section  of  the  Appalachian 
Mountain  Club. 

[71 


GOING          AFOOT 

Special  footwear  is  provided  for  other  par- 
ticular pursuits:  The  duck  hunter  on  the  tide- 
water procures  hip-boots  of  rubber;  the  ski-run- 
ner wears  shoes  of  special  design,  and  so  does 
the  skater.  But  here  we  are  in  realms  of  sports 
other  than  walking. 

Footgear,  then,  must  be  comfortable,  durable, 
adequate. 

Sufferers  from  weak  or  falling  arches  will 
wisely  modify  these  suggestions,  according  to 
the  advice  of  a  reliable  orthopedist.  Indeed  it  is 
well  for  any  one  who  goes  seriously  about  walk- 
ing to  have  his  feet  examined  by  a  competent 
adviser,  that  he  may  guard  against  latent  defects 
and  prevent  difficulty. 

Clothing  should  afford  necessary  protection; 
should  be  light  in  weight,  should  be  loose,  and 
should  be  so  planned  that,  as  one  grows  warm  in 
walking,  the  superfluous  may  be  taken  off.  It 
is  best  that  the  temperature  of  the  body  be  kept 
as  nearly  even  as  possible,  and  there  is  danger  of 
chill,  if  one  stands  in  cold  wind — as  on  a  moun- 
tain top,  for  instance — while  his  underclothing 
is  saturated  with  perspiration.  Ordinarily  one's 
clothing  will  (besides  shoes  and  stockings)  in- 
clude underwear,  shirt,  trousers,  coat,  and  hat. 

In  summer,  underwear  has  no  value  for 
warmth;  it  should  be  of  cotton,  sleeveless,  and 
cut  short  at  the  knees.  If,  however,  one  is  walk- 
ing in  the  mountains,  or  at  a  cooler  season,  he 
will  do  well  to  carry  with  him  a  flannel  under- 
shirt, to  wear  at  the  end  of  the  day,  when  rest- 
ing. In  cool  weather  light  woolen  underwear 
covering  both  arms  and  legs  is  best — and  when 
the  thermometer  falls  low  or  one  is  to  endure 
unusual  exposure,  the  underwear  should  be  heav- 
ier. Some  pedestrians  will  leave  cotton  under- 

[8] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

wear  out  of  account  altogether,  wearing,  by  pre- 
ference, light  wool,  and,  on  a  very  hot  day,  none. 

The  shirt  should  be  of  flannel,  light  or  heavy, 
according  to  season.  In  milder  weather,  cotton 
shirts,  such  as  the  khaki-colored  ones  worn  in 
the  army  and  procurable  at  army  supply  stores, 
are  good.  On  a  summer  walking  tour  it  is  well  to 
provide  one's  self  with  one  cotton  shirt  and  one 
of  flannel.  The  collarband  should  be  large;  col- 
lar and  cuffs  should  be  of  one  piece  with  the 
shirt. 

In  the  matter  of  trousers,  one  man  will  prefer 
long  ones;  another,  short. 

Knickerbockers,  for  summer  wear,  should  be  of 
khaki  (or  of  one  of  the  various  close-woven  cot- 
ton fabrics  which  pass  under  that  name;  a  ma- 
terial called  "cold  stream  duck"  is  good),  or  of 
jean;  for  winter,  they  may  be  of  corduroy 
or  of  woolen  goods.  The  army  breeches,  nar- 
rowed at  the  knee,  and  laced  close  to  the 
calf  of  the  leg,  are  riding  breeches,  really; 
and,  while  fairly  good,  they  are  not  of  best  de- 
sign for  walking,  since  they  restrain  somewhat 
free  movement  of  the  knee.  Knickerbockers 
should  be  full  at  the  knee,  and  should  end  in  a 
band  to  buckle  about  the  leg  immediately  below 
the  knee  joint.  Such  walking  breeches  may  be 
had  of  dealers  in  sportsmen's  goods. 

Leggings.  If  knickerbockers  are  worn,  the 
calf  of  the  leg  should  be  properly  covered.  In 
spite  of  such  disadvantages  as  those  incident  to 
travel  on  dusty  roads  and  over  burr-grown  land, 
long  stockings  secured  at  the  knee  are  best  for 
summer  wear,  without  more.  Spiral  puttees  are 
good  in  cool  weather;  in  summer  they  are  un- 
comfortably hot,  and  even  when  carefully  put  on, 
are  somewhat  confining.  They  have  one  notable 

[9] 


GOING          AFOOT 

advantage :  when  used  in  deep  snow  they  prevent, 
as  no  other  leggings  can,  melting  snow  from  run- 
ning down  the  legs  and  into  the  shoes.  For  ordi- 
nary service  the  canvas  puttees  worn  in  the  army 
are  better  than  the  spirals — indeed  these  canvas 
puttees  are  on  the  whole  more  satisfactory  to  the 
pedestrian  than  any  other  covering  applied  over 
shoes  and  stockings.  Leather  puttees  are  unnec- 
sarily  heavy,  and  their  imperviousness  is  an  act- 
ual disadvantage.  It  is  only  when  traveling 
through  dense  undergrowth  and  briars  that 
leather  puttees  are  really  serviceable — and  that 
sort  of  wear  is  very  hard  on  the  puttees.  High 
shoetops,  too,  become  under  such  conditions  use- 
ful, as  has  already  been  noted. 

In  wearing  breeches  laced  about  the  calf,  and 
in  wearing  spiral  puttees,  care  should  be  taken 
that  they  do  not  bind.  Many  of  our  soldiers  in 
the  recent  war  suffered  from  varicose  veins,  and 
this  was  attributed  in  part  to  the  emergency,  that 
many  men  unused  to  physical  labor  had  to  carry 
heavy  knapsacks.  But  it  was  attributed  in  part, 
too,  to  binding  too  tightly  the  muscles  of  the  legs. 

For  one  special  service  heavy  leg  covering  is 
desired:  To  the  hunter  traversing  the  swamps 
and  palmetto-grown  plains  of  Florida,  there  is 
some  danger  of  snake  bites.  Ordinarily,  appre- 
hensions about  snakes  are  to  be  laughed  at.  The 
feet,  ankles,  and  legs  to  a  point  two  or  three 
inches  above  the  knees,  should  be  protected.  This 
protection  may  be  effective  either  by  being  im- 
penetrable, or  by  being  bulky  and  thick,  or  by 
virtue  of  both  these  characteristics.  One  ex- 
pedient, now  on  the  market,  consists  of  leggings 
having  an  interlining  of  wire  gauze.  Another 
may  be  improvised :  a  bulky  wrapping  of  quilted 
material,  incased  in  tough  leggings  of  leather  or 

[10] 


HOW  TO  WALK 

canvas.  Care  must  be  taken  to  protect  the  ankles 
below  the  reach  of  an  ordinary  pair  of  puttees. 
Any  covering  such  as  here  suggested  must  in  the 
nature  of  the  case  be  heavy  and  uncomfortable, 
and  will  not  be  worn  unnecessarily.  One  can 
only  say  for  it,  that  it  is  better  than  a  snake  bite. 

Long  trousers  should  be  of  smooth  close-woven 
material,  not  easily  torn  by  thorns,  and,  for  win- 
ter wear  particularly,  resistant  to  penetration  by 
wind.  The  legs  of  the  trousers  should  be  con- 
fined within  shoetops  or  leggings.  Long  stock- 
ings are  not  required,  only  socks.  In  long  trous- 
ers, the  knee  movement  is  quite  free.  This  rig  is 
particularly  good  for  rough  work. 

Some  men  prefer  to  wear  a  belt;  others,  sus- 
penders. The  drag  of  long  trousers  is  greater 
than  of  knickerbockers,  and,  generally  speaking, 
the  man  who  wears  knickerbockers  will  prefer  a 
belt;  and  the  man  who  wears  long  trousers,  sus- 
penders. The  belt,  when  worn,  should  not  be 
drawn  very  tight.  The  best  belt  is  the  army 
belt,  of  webbing;  it  should  not  be  unnecessarily 
long. 

In  summer  a  coat  is  needed  only  when  resting, 
or  as  protection  from  rain.  On  one  summer  tour, 
the  writer  found  himself  comfortable  without  a 
coat,  but  in  its  place  a  sweater  and  a  short  rub- 
ber shirt,  fitting  close  at  neck  and  wrists  and 
with  wide  skirts,  to  cover  man  and  knapsack  to- 
gether. Such  a  rubber  shirt,  called  in  the  supply 
houses  a  "fishing  shirt,"  may  be  had  of  willow 
green  color,  or  white  or  black.  A  sweater  is  so 
convenient  to  carry,  and  so  comfortable,  as  to  be 
all  but  indispensable;  but,  as  protection  from 
rain,  the  rather  expensive,  and  for  all  other  pur- 
poses useless,  fishing  shirt  is  by  no  means  a 
necessity;  a  canvas  coat  or  the  coat  of  an  old 

[111 


GOING          AFOOT 

business  suit  will  answer  well.  One  does  not 
walk  far  in  a  downpour,  and  the  slight  wetting 
of  a  passing  summer  shower  will  do  no  harm. 
In  the  Tyrol  where,  before  the  War,  walking  as 
recreation  was  developed  as  nowhere  else,  many 
pedestrians  carried  neither  coat  nor  sweater,  but 
a  long  full  cape  of  heavy,  close-woven,  woolen  ma- 
terial ;  when  not  needed,  the  cape  is  carried  hang- 
ing over  the  knapsack.  Such  a  cape  serves,  in 
some  degree,  the  purposes  of  a  blanket. 

A  convenient  mode  of  carrying  a  coat  is  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  William  Morris  Davis,  in  "Excur- 
sions around  Aix-les-Balns"  (see  Bibliography). 
Mr.  Davis  says: 

"Clothing  should  be  easy  fitting,  so  that  dis- 
comfort shall  not  be  added  to  fatigue.  Even  in 
warm  weather,  a  coat  will  often  be  wanted  on  a 
ridge  crest,  or  mountain  top :  it  can  be  best  car- 
ried as  follows : — Sew  the  middle  of  a  30-  or  35- 
inch  piece  of  strong  tape  inside  of  the  back  of  the 
collar ;  sew  the  ends  of  the  tape  to  the  bottom  of 
the  arm  holes:  pass  the  arms  through  the  loops 
of  the  tape,  and  let  the  coat  hang  loosely  on  the 
back ;  it  will  thus  be  held  so  that  nothing  will  fall 
from  the  pockets  and  the  arms  and  hands  will  be 
free." 

For  winter  wear,  one  will  dispense  with  any 
such  garment  as  a  fishing  shirt,  but  will  require 
both  coat  and  sweater.  The  sweater  should  be 
a  warm  one,  and  the  coat  should  be,  not  heavy 
nor  bulky,  but  windproof  rather. 

A  valuable  garment  for  cold  weather  is  the 
Alaska  "parka,"  a  shirt-like  frock,  light,  wind- 
proof,  and  it  may  be  made  storm-proof.  Made 
of  heavy  denim  or  of  khaki  cloth  and  worn  over 
a  sweater,  the  parka  is  very  satisfactory.  De- 

[12] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

scription  in  detail  will  be  found  in  Appalachia, 
Vol.  XI,  No.  3,  page  287. 

The  hat  should  shield  a  man's  head  from  a 
driving  rain,  and,  if  it  be  a  bald  head,  from  the 
sun.  If  the  man  wears  spectacles,  the  brim  of 
the  hat  should  shield  the  glass  from  rain  and 
from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun.  The  hat  should 
be  small  enough  and  soft  enough  to  be  rolled  up 
and  tucked  away  when  not  needed.  An  old  soft 
felt  hat  will  do;  the  crown  should  be  provided 
with  ventilation  holes  of  generous  size ;  a  leather 
sweatband  is  uncomfortable,  particularly  in  hot 
weather,  and  may  sometimes  cause  bothersome 
infection  of  a  sunburned  and  abraded  brow.  The 
writer  has  found  a  white  duck  hat,  its  brim  faced 
with  green  underneath,  very  serviceable  in  sum- 
men  In  tropical  countries  the  familiar  pith  hel- 
met is  an  almost  necessary  protection. 

One  who  wears  eyeglasses  should  be  careful 
to  provide  himself  with  spectacles,  preferably 
metal-rimmed,  and  on  a  long  tour  will  advisedly 
carry  a  second  pair,  and  even  the  prescription. 
See  further  regarding  spectacles,  under  the  cap- 
tion, "Colored  glasses,"  page  22. 

The  choice  of  clothing  for  cold  weather  may  be 
governed  by  these  few  simple  rules:  (1)  The 
objective  is  maximum  warmth  with  minimum 
weight.  (2)  The  trunk  of  the  body — the  spine, 
particularly — the  upper  arms,  and  the  thighs 
should  be  most  warmly  protected.  (3)  Let  the 
clothing  be  soft  and  bulky  within  (of  wool 
chiefly),  and  externally  let  it  be  substantially 
windproof.  The  hoods  worn  by  the  Eskimos  are 
made  of  the  skins  of  water-fowl,  worn  feathered 
side  in.  (4)  Have  no  crowding  of  clothing  under 
the  arms.  (5)  Do  not  wear  long  coat-skirts;  let 
the  coat  be  belted  at  the  waist.  (6)  Protect  the 

[131 


GOING          AFOOT 

ears,  when  necessary,  with  a  knitted  "helmet," 
or  with  a  cap  having  an  ear-flap  which,  when 
not  needed,  folds  across  the  crown.  (7)  Woolen 
gloves  or,  better  still,  mittens  should  be  worn, 
and,  outside  of  these,  if  it  be  very  cold,  loosely 
fitting  leather  mittens.  (8)  Except  in  ex- 
tremely cold  weather,  do  not  wear  leather  gar- 
ments, nor  fur.  Even  a  fur  cap  is  intolerable 
when  one  becomes  warm  in  walking. 

The  color  of  clothing  is  not  unimportant. 
Whether  as  naturalist  or  sportsman  one  desires 
to  be  inconspicuously  clad,  or  as  a  mere  wayfarer 
on  dusty  roads  he  wishes  to  conceal,  so  far  as 
may  be,  the  stains  of  travel,  he  will  choose  khaki 
color,  or  the  olive  drab  made  familiar  nowadays 
in  the  uniforms  of  the  navy  aviators.  Gray  flan- 
nel trousers,  a  white  sweater,  a  bright-colored 
necktie,  for  wear  in  the  evenings,  are  good  as 
part  of  the  equipment.  But  to  that  subject  the 
next  chapter  will  be  devoted. 

In  planning  an  extended  hike  one  will  ordinar- 
ily have  to  reckon  on  some  railway  traveling. 
City  clothes  may  be  sent  by  express  to  the 
point  where  walking  ends.  Then  the  return 
journey  may  be  made  comfortably  and  incon- 
spicuously. 

The  foregoing  notes  for  men  will  be  found  suf- 
ficient to  indicate  what  is  a  suitable  costume  for 
women  pedestrians.  With  a  woman's  needs  par- 
ticularly in  mind,  it  should  be  said  that  skirts 
should  be  short,  hanging  at  least  six  inches  clear 
of  the  ground;  shoetops  may  be  accordingly 
higher;  and  all  garments  should  be  loose.  When 
walking  in  remote  regions,  many  women  will  pre- 
fer to  wear  knickerbockers  rather  than  skirts, 
and  in  mountaineering  knickerbockers  are  re- 
quisite. Even  bloomers  are  objectionable.  In 

[14] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

such  case  a  woman's  costume  more  nearly  ap- 
proaches that  of  men. 

A  girl,  writing  of  a  tour  upon  the  Long  Trail 
in  Vermont  (see  page  84),  says:  "Khaki  riding 
breeches  are  best,  as  they  are  of  light  weight  and 
briars  do  not  catch  on  them.  I  can't  picture  any 
one  taking  the  Trail  in  a  skirt." 

The  Appalachian  Mountain  Club  prescribes  a 
climbing  outfit  for  women  in  the  New  England 
mountains,  as  follows:  High  laced  boots  with 
Hungarian  nails;  woolen  stockings  and  under- 
wear, light  weight ;  woolen  or  khaki  waist,  skirt, 
and  bloomers ;  felt  hat ;  leather  belt. 

And  the  Alpine  Club  of  Canada  publishes  this 
among  other  notes  upon  women's  costume:  "It 
is  the  dropping  of  the  waist  line  down  to  the  hips 
that  is  the  secret  of  a  woman's  wearing  her 
knickerbockers  gracefully.  The  top  of  the  knick- 
erbockers should  hang  on  the  point  of  the  hips, 
with  the  belt  as  loose  as  possible'.  This  makes 
discarding  corsets,  which  of  course  is  absolutely 
necessary,  most  comfortable." 

These  notes  on  costume  are  intended  to  cover 
the  subject,  and  to  serve  as  reminder  and  advice 
to  those  contemplating  walking  tours  of  all  sorts. 
But  the  practice  of  walking  as  an  art  and  recrea- 
tion does  not  by  any  means  require  such  elaborate 
preparations.  Otherwise,  the  devotees  would  be 
few.  For  an  extended  tour,  or  even  for  a  holiday 
excursion,  one  may  well  give  consideration  to 
these  many  matters;  but  for  a  Saturday  after- 
noon walk,  it  will  suffice  to  put  on  proper  foot- 
gear, leave  one's  overcoat  at  home,  carry  a 
sweater  if  need  be,  use  forethought  about  de- 
tails, and  be  ready  to  betake  one's  self  from 
office  to  highway,  with  assurance  of  comfort 
and  enjoyment.  And  beyond  this,  there 

[151 


GOING          AFOOT 

still  remains  to  be  spoken  of  the  daily  round 
of  walking  from  home  to  work  and  back 
again,  from  office  to  restaurant  at  noon.  This 
daily  regimen  of  walking  requires  no  special  cos- 
tume— admits  of  none,  indeed.  It  may  be  that 
as  one  is  thoughtful  to  take  more  steps  on  the 
routine  path  of  life,  he  will  give  more  careful 
attention  to  the  shoes  he  buys  and  to  clothes. 
But  let  no  one  close  his  mind  to  the  subject  with 
the  too  hasty  conclusion  that  walking  requires 
an  impossible  amount  of  special  clothing.  Any 
one  who  cares  to,  can  make  any  needed  modifica- 
tion of  his  ordinary  business  costume,  without 
making  himself  conspicuous,  and  probably  with 
gain  in  comfort  and  consequent  well-being, 

EQUIPMENT 

On  a  one-day  excursion,  a  man  will  walk  unbur- 
dened; and,  on  exceptional  longer  trips,  pack- 
horses  may  carry  the  baggage  from  one  camp- 
ing ground  to  another;  but,  ordinarily,  on  a  tour 
continuing  day  after  day,  one  will  carry  on  his 
own  back  all  that  he  requires.  Should  his  route 
lie  through  settled  country,  where  shelter  and 
bed  are  to  be  found  in  farmhouse  or  wayside  inn, 
the  man  will  travel  with  lighter  load,  and  with 
greater  freedom  and  enjoyment ;  if  he  must  carry 
his  blanket,  too,  walking  becomes  harder  work. 
It  may  be  that  one  will  spend  his  vacation  in  the 
woods,  and  journey  partly  afoot,  partly  by  canoe. 
In  that  case,  a  good  part  of  his  walking  will  be 
the  arduous  toting  of  impedimenta  (canoe  in- 
cluded) across  portages,  from  one  lake  or  stream 
to  another.  Proportionately  as  his  burden  is 
heavier,  the  sojourner  in  the  wilderness  will  be 
disposed  so  to  plan  his  trip  that  he  may  stop  for 

[16] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

successive  nights  at  favorite  camping  places. 
From  these  he  will  make  shorter  trips,  and,  un- 
encumbered, climb  mountains,  perhaps,  or  ex- 
plore other  parts  of  the  country  about. 

The  bulk  of  what  is  carried  should  be  borne  on 
the  back.  Drinking  cup  may  be  hung  to  the  belt ; 
knife,  watch,  money,  and  various  other  small  ar- 
ticles will  be  carried  in  pockets;  map-case,  field 
glasses,  or  fishing  rod  may  be  slung  by  straps 
from  the  shoulders  or  carried  swinging  in  one's 
hand,  ready  for  use ;  but,  for  the  rest,  everything 
should  be  carried  in  the  knapsack. 

In  case  the  pedestrian  is  traveling  in  settled 
country  and  is  not  obliged  to  carry  a  blanket 
(and  such  is  by  far  the  freest,  pleasantest  way 
to  go  afoot),  the  best  knapsack  to  be  found  is  of 
a  kind  in  general  use  in  the  Tyrol.  It  goes  un- 
der its  native  German  name,  rucksack.  It  is  a 
large,  square-cornered  pocket,  20-24  inches  wide 
and  16-18  deep,  made  of  a  light,  strong,  closely 
woven,  specially  treated  fabric,  of  a  greenish- 
gray  color,  and  all  but  water-proof.  The  pocket 
is  open  at  the  top,  slit  a  few  inches  down  the 
outer  face,  is  closed  by  a  drawing  string,  and  a 
flap  buckles  down  over  the  gathered  mouth.  Two 
straps  of  adjustable  length  are  secured,  each  at 
one  end  to  the  upper  rim  of  the  sack  at  the  middle 
point,  and  at  the  other  end  to  one  of  the  lower 
corners.  When  the  filled  knapsack  is  in  place,  the 
supporting  straps  encircle  the  shoulders  of  the 
wearer,  the  closed  mouth  lies  between  the 
shoulder  blades,  the  bottom  corners  extend 
just  above  the  hips,  while  the  weight  of  the  bur- 
den, hanging  from  the  shoulders,  rests  in  the 
curve  of  the  back.  Genuine  Tyrolean  knapsacks 
are,  since  the  War,  no  longer  procurable  in  this 
country ;  good  copies  of  them  are,  however,  to  be 

[171 


GOING          AFOOT 

had  in  our  sporting-goods  shops.  The  army 
knapsack  is  fairly  good. 

In  case  the  pedestrian  makes  his  tour  in  some 
remote  region,  where  lodging  places  are  not  cer- 
tainly to  be  found,  he  will  be  obliged  to  carry  his 
blanket,  and  probably  some  supply  of  food.  In 
such  case,  he  will  choose  a  larger  knapsack. 
The  sack  known  as  the  "Nessmuk"  is  a 
good  one;  and  another,  somewhat  larger,  is 
the  "Gardiner."  These  sacks  are  neither  of 
them  large  enough  to  contain  both  blanket 
and  the  other  necessary  articles  of  camp- 
ing equipment;  the  blanket  should  then  be  rolled 
and  the  roll  arched  upon  and  secured  to  the  knap- 
sack after  the  latter  has  been  packed.  Grommets 
sewed  to  the  knapsack  afford  convenient  means 
for  securing  the  blanket  roll  in  place.  A  still 
larger  (and  heavier)  knapsack,  large  enough  to 
contain  -one's  camp  equipment,  blanket  and  all, 
is  called  the  "Merriam  Back  Pack."  It  is  recom- 
mended by  an  experienced  camper,  Mr.  Vernon 
Bailey,  chief  field  naturalist  of  the  U.  S.  Biologi- 
cal Survey. 

In  hot  weather  the  knapsack  becomes  un- 
comfortably wet  with  perspiration.  Wicker 
frames,  sometimes  used  to  hold  the  sack  away 
from  the  back  to  allow  circulation  of  air 
beneath,  are  bothersome  and  uncomfortable. 

For  carrying  heavier  burdens  short  distances, 
as  when  making  portage  on  a  camping  trip,  a 
pack  harness  is  used.  Its  name  sufficiently  ex- 
plains its  nature.  An  additional  device,  called  a 
tump  line,  may,  if  desired,  be  bought  and  used 
with  the  pack  harness.  The  tump  line  is  a  band 
which,  encircling  the  load  on  one's  back,  passes 
over  the  forehead.  With  its  use  the  muscles  of 
the  neck  are  brought  into  play,  aiding  the  shoul- 

[18] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

ders  and  back  in  carrying.  It  is  astonishing, 
what  an  enormous  burden  a  Canadian  Indian  can 
manage  with  the  aid  of  harness  and  tump  line. 
These  articles  may  be  bought  at  sportsmen's 
stores,  and  at  the  posts  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany, in  Canada. 

The  equipment  for  a  summer  walking  tour,  on 
which  one  is  not  obliged  to  carry  a  blanket, 
should  weigh  from  ten  to  twenty  pounds,  accord- 
ing as  one  carries  fewer  or  more  of  the  unessen- 
tials.  It  is  impossible  to  draw  up  lists  of  what 
is  essential  and  what  merely  convenient,  and  have 
unanimity ;  one  man  will  discard  an  article  which 
to  another  is  indispensable;  the  varying  condi- 
tions under  which  journeys  are  taken  will  cause 
the  same  man  to  carry  different  articles  at  dif- 
ferent times.  The  ensuing  lists  are  intended  to 
be  suggestive  and  reasonably  inclusive;  for  any 
given  walk  each  individual  will  reject  what  he 
finds  dispensable. 

Requisites  carried  in  one's  pockets:  Watch; 
knife;  money;  compass;  matches;  handkerchief. 

Requisites  carried  in  the  knapsack:  Change  of 
underclothes,  stockings,  and  handkerchiefs ;  toilet 
articles ;  mending  kit ;  grease  for  shoes. 

Articles  which,  though  not  necessary,  are  al- 
together to  be  desired:  Second  outer  shirt;  sec- 
ond pair  of  walking  shoes,  particularly  if  the 
tour  be  a  long  one ;  sweater ;  pair  of  flannel  trous- 
ers, light  socks  and  shoes  (gymnasium  slippers 
are  good),  and  necktie  for  evening  wear;  medica- 
ments ;  notebook  and  pencil ;  postcards  or  stamped 
envelopes ;  a  book  to  read. 

Articles  which  may  be  requisite  or  desired,  ac- 
cording to  season  or  circumstance,  to  be  carried 
in  pocket  or  knapsack  or,  some  of  them,  slung 
from  the  shoulders  ready  for  use:  Colored 

[19] 


GOING          AFOOT 

glasses ;  pajamas ;  head  net,  as  protection  against 
mosquitoes ;  woolen  underclothing ;  gloves  or  mit- 
tens; knitted  helmet;  naphtha  soap,  for  washing 
woolens;  map  case;  canteen;  culinary  articles; 
whistle;  clothes  brush;  flashlight. 

An  indefinitely  long  list  might  be  made  of  Ar- 
ticles which  a  man  will  choose,  according  to  taste 
and  inclination.  A  bird-lover  will  carry  a  pair 
of  binoculars;  a  collector,  his  cases;  the  fisher- 
man, rod  and  fly-book.  Some  member  of  almost 
every  walking  party  will  carry  a  camera. 

Notes  upon  some  of  the  articles  thus  far  enum- 
erated will  be  useful: 

The  pocketknife  should  be  large  and  strong, 
with  one  or  two  blades ;  leave  in  the  showcase  the 
knife  bristling  with  tools  of  various  kinds;  see 
that  the  blades  are  sharp. 

Let  the  watch  be  an  inexpensive  one ;  leave  the 
fine  watch  at  home;  do  not  wear  a  wrist  watch, 
particularly  not  in  warm  weather.  At  the  wrists 
perspiration  accumulates  and  the  circulating 
blood  is  cooled.  Any  surface  covering  at  that 
point,  and  particularly  a  close-fitting  band,  is  in 
hot  weather  intolerable.  But,  regardless  of  sea- 
son, a  wrist  watch  is  in  the  way,  and  is  sure 
soon  or  late  to  be  damaged.  For  the  pedes- 
trian its  disadvantages  greatly  outweigh  the 
small  convenience  it  affords. 

The  best  moneybag  is  a  rubber  tobacco  pouch; 
a  leather  bill-folder  and  its  contents  will  soon  be 
saturated  with  perspiration. 

A  compass  is  a  requisite  in  the  wilderness,  but 
not  elsewhere.  Regarding  compasses,  see  further 
pages  75  and  116. 

Matches  should  be  carried  in  a  water-tight 
case. 

Toilet  articles  will  include,  at  a  minimum,  soap, 

[20] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

comb,  toothbrush  and  powder.  A  sponge  or  wash- 
rag  is  desirable.  A  man  who  shaves  will,  unless 
journeying  in  the  wilderness,  carry  his  razor. 
The  soap  may  be  contained  in  a  box  of  aluminum 
or  celluloid;  the  sponge  in  a  sponge  bag;  the 
whole  may  be  packed  in  a  handy  bag  or  rolled  in 
a  square  of  cloth  and  secured  with  strap  or 
string. 

Towel  and  pajamas  are  not  indispensable;  be- 
cause of  weight,  they  should  be  classed  as  pedes- 
trian luxuries. 

The  mending  kit  will  include  thread,  needles, 
and  buttons,  and  here  should  be  set  down  safety 
pins,  too,  an  extra  pair  of  shoestrings,  and — if 
one  wears  them — an  extra  pair  of  rubber  heels. 
A  small  carborundum  whetstone  may  be  well 
worth  the  carrying. 

The  best  dressing  for  leather  is  mutton  tal- 
low. Various  boot  greases  of  which  tallow  is  the 
base  are  on  the  market;  one,  called  "Touradef," 
is  good.  There  are  lighter  animal  oils,  more 
easily  applied;  a  good  one  is  called  "B-ver"  oil. 
Mineral  oils  are  not  so  good;  "Viscol,"  the  most 
widely  used  of  these,  is  sold  in  cans  of  conven- 
ient size  and  shape. 

Medicaments  should  be  few;  a  disinfectant 
(permanganate  of  potassium  in  crystalline  form, 
or  tablets  of  Darkin's  solution) ,  a  cathartic  (cas- 
cara  is  best — it  may  be  had  in  tabloid  form,  called 
"Cascaral  Compound"),  iodine,  a  box  of  zinc 
ointment,  a  roll  of  adhesive  tape,  and  a 
small  quantity  of  absorbent  cotton  will  suffice 
for  casual  ailments.  If  one  is  going  into  the 
wilderness,  he  may  well  take  a  first-aid  kit — with 
knowledge,  how  to  use  it — and  medicine  to  deal 
with  more  violent  sickness;  ipecac  and  calomel. 
In  malaria-infested  regions,  one  should  carry 

[211 


GOING          AFOOT 

quinine,  with  directions  for  administering.  Tal- 
cum powder  and  cocoa  butter  are,  in  proper  time, 
soothing.  Citronella  is  a  defense  against  mos- 
quitoes; another  repellent  is  a  mixture  of  sweet 
oil  or  castor  oil,  oil  of  pennyroyal,  and  tar  oil; 
spirits  of  ammonia  is  an  antidote  to  their  poison. 

As  to  reading  matter,  each  will  choose  for  him- 
self. The  book  carried  may  be  the  Bible,  it  may 
be  "The  Golden  Treasury,"  it  may  be  "The  Three 
Musketeers."  Again,  it  may  be  a  handbook  of 
popular  science  or  a  map  of  the  stars. 

Regarding  map  and  map  case,  see  page  75. 

Colored  glasses.  On  snowfields,  on  the  sea- 
shore, where  light  is  intense,  the  eyes  should  be 
screened.  The  best  material,  carefully  worked 
out  for  this  purpose,  is  Crooks  glass.  Its  virtue 
lies  in  this :  that  it  cuts  out  both  the  ultra-violet 
rays  and  the  heat  rays  at  the  opposite  end  of  the 
spectrum.  Crooks  glass  may  be  had  in  two 
grades :  Shade  A  and  Shade  B.  Shade  A,  having 
the  properties  just  described,  is  itself  almost 
colorless ;  Shade  B  is  colored,  and  cuts  out,  in  ad- 
dition, part  of  the  rays  of  the  normal  spectrum. 
Goggles  may  be  had  of  plain  sheets  of  Crooks 
glass,  and  these  will  serve  merely  as  a  screen; 
but,  if  one  wears  glasses  anyway,  since  two  pairs 
worn  at  once  are  difficult  to  manage,  it  is  well 
to  have  one's  prescription  filled  in  Shade  A,  and 
(if  one  is  going  to  climb  snow  peaks  or  walk  the 
seabeach)  then  a  second  pair  in  Shade  B.  Ordi- 
nary colored  glasses  will  serve  a  passing  need; 
amethyst  tint  is  best. 

A  canteen  is  requisite  in  arid  regions  and 
when  climbing  lofty  mountains;  elsewhere  it  is 
sometimes  a  justified  convenience. 

The  writer  well  recalls  the  amazement  of  two 
Alpine  guides  some  years  ago  when,  on  the  top 

[22J 


HOW          TO          WALK 

of  a  snow  peak,  hot  coffee  was  produced  from  a 
thermos  bottle.  He  hastens  to  add  that  the  ther- 
mos bottle  was  not  his ;  he  regards  such  an  article 
as  a  sure  mark  of  the  tenderfoot. 

Even  though  one  be  traveling  light,  the  pleas- 
ures of  a  summer  holiday  may  be  widened  by  pro- 
viding one  meal  a  day  and  eating  it  out  of  doors. 
In  order  to  accomplish  this,  one  needs  to  carry 
a  few  culinary  articles:  A  drinking  cup,  of 
course — that  is  carried  in  any  case,  conveniently 
hung  to  the  belt.  Then  one  should  have  plate, 
knife,  fork,  spoon,  a  small  pail,  perhaps  a  small 
frying  pan,  canisters  of  salt  and  pepper,  a  box  of 
tea,  a  bag  of  sugar,  a  receptacle  for  butter.  Most 
of  these  articles,  and  some  toilet  articles  as  well, 
may  be  had  made  of  aluminum.  Do  not 
carry  glassware,  it  is  heavy  and  breakable. 
Don't  carry  anything  easily  broken  or  easily 
put  out  of  order.  But  even  here  make  ex- 
ceptions. For  example,  a  butter  jar  is  better 
than  a  butter  box.  The  writer,  for  one,  despises 
an  aluminum  drinking  cup;  when  filled  with  hot 
coffee  it  is  unapproachable,  when  cool  enough 
not  to  burn  the  lips  the  coffee  is  too  cold  to  be 
palatable;  he,  therefore,  in  spite  of  its  weight, 
chooses  to  carry  an  earthenware  cup. 

A  whistle  will  have  value  chiefly  for  signaling 
between  members  of  a  party. 

A  party  of  two,  three,  or  four  will  carry  more 
conveniences  than  a  man  journeying  alone.  For 
illustration,  in  the  party,  one  camera  is  enough, 
one  map  case,  one  pail,  one  butter  jar;  and  these 
may  be  distributed,  so  that,  while  carrying  only 
part,  each  member  of  the  party  may  enjoy  all. 
^Vith  a  camera  in  the  party,  a  supply  of  films 
will  be  stowed  away  in  a  knapsack;  a  light,  col- 
lapsible tripod  may  be  worth  the  taking,  if  one 

[23] 


GOING          AFOOT 

cares  to  secure  pictures  under  poor  conditions  of 
light. 

Two  usual  items  of  an  amateur  equipment, 
better  left  at  home,  are  a  hatchet  and  a  pedom- 
eter. A  hatchet  is  of  no  value,  except 
in  the  wilderness,  and  not  always  is  it 
worth  carrying  even  there.  Ordinarily  a 
stout,  sharp  knife  will  answer  every  purpose. 
When  one  is  on  a  camping  trip  on  which  he  makes 
long  stops,  he  will  care  for  something  better 
than  a  hatchet-^a  light  axe.  Regarding  the 
uses  of  a  pedometer  see  page  116. 

If  the  contemplated  tour  lies  through  the  wil- 
derness, and  accommodations  for  the  night  are 
not  to  be  had  under  roofs  along  the  way,  one 
must  carry  his  blanket*  The  blanket  should  be 
selected  with  lightness  and  warmth  in  view.  The 
army  blankets  are  fair,  but  softer,  lighter, 
warmer  ones  may  be  had.  Blankets  should  be  of 
generous  dimensions.  A  large  double  blanket 
should  not  exceed  eight  pounds  in  weight,  and 
single  blankets  should  weigh  half  as  much.  The 
Hudson's  Bay  blankets  are  justly  famous. 

A  blanket  enveloped  in  a  windproof  blanket 
cloth  is  very  much  warmer  than  if  not  so 
shielded.  Herein  lies  the  virtue  of  a  sleeping 
bag.  Similarly,  a  tent — particularly  a  small  one, 
for  one  or  two  men — keeps  out  wind  and  retains 
warm  air.  With  the  use  of  a  tent,  the  weight  of 
blankets  may  be  less.  The  blanket  cloth  serves 
both  to  keep  the  wind  from  penetrating  the  blan- 
ket and  also  to  keep  the  blanket  dry.  It  prevents 
penetration  of  moisture  from  the  ground;  and, 
if  one  is  not  otherwise  protected,  it  shields  one 
from  dew  and  from  light  rain.  The  blanket 
cloth,  too,  must  be  of  the  least  weight  consistent 
with  service.  Because  of  weight,  rubber  blankets 

[24] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

and  oiled  ponchos  are  out  of  the  question.  Bet- 
ter light  oilcloth,  or,  better  still,  the  material 
called  "balloon  silk"  (really  finely  woven,  long- 
fiber  cotton)  filled  with  water-proofing  substance. 
"Tanalite"  is  the  trade  name  for  a  waterproof 
material  of  this  sort  of  a  dark  brown  color.  A 
tarpaulin  seven  feet  square  made  of  tanalite  is,  all 
things  considered,  the  most  serviceable  blanket 
cloth.  With  blanket  and  tarpaulin,  one's  pack 
should  not  exceed  25-30  pounds  in  weight.  A 
mode  of  rolling  blanket  and  tarpaulin  and  of  se- 
curing the  roll  to  the  knapsack  is  suggested  on 
page  18. 

Blanket  pins  are  worth  carrying.  By  using 
them  one  may  keep  himself  snug,  nearly  as  well 
as  in  a  sleeping  bag. 

A  small  cotton  bag,  useful  in  a  pack,  may  be 
stuffed  with  clothing  and  serve  as  a  pillow. 

A  satisfactory  sleeping  bag  will  hardly  be 
found  in  the  shops ;  those  that  are  serviceable  are 
too  heavy  for  the  pedestrian.  And  yet  the  idea 
embodied  in  the  sleeping  bag,  the  idea  of  attain- 
ing maximum  warmth  from  the  materials  used, 
jumps  precisely  with  the  pedestrian's  needs. 

The  difficulty  with  the  sleeping  bags  on  the 
market  is  that  they  are  made  for  gentlemen 
campers,  and  not  for  those  who  take  up  their 
beds  and  walk.  For  one  thing,  the  gentleman 
camper  has  abundance  of  clothing,  with  changes 
of  all  kinds.  But  the  pedestrian  sleeps  in  his 
clothes.  Of  course  he  does.  It  would  be  folly  for 
him  to  carry  in  his  pack  the  equivalent  of  what 
he  wears  on  his  back.  His  day  clothes  should  be 
serviceable  as  night  clothes,  too.  All  he  need 
carry  is  the  additional  protection  required  when 
he  is  resting  on  the  ground  in  the  colder  night 
hours.  And,  in  addition,  he  will  have  a  change 

[25] 


GOING          AFOOT* 

of  the  garments  which  lie  next  his  skin;  but  no 
more.  If  when  sleeping  a  man  is  not  wearing  all 
that  he  carries,  then  he  is  carrying  more  than  is 
necessary.  He  may,  indeed,  have  stuffed  in  his 
pack  woolen  underclothes,  for  night  wear  only. 
For  another  thing,  in  making  choice  between 
one  material  and  another,  the  weight  of  the 
material  is  important  in  far  greater  degree 
to  the  walker  than  to  the  gentleman  camper. 
With  these  considerations  in  mind,  the  pedes- 
trian contrives  his  sleeping  bag  of  the  lightest 
material  available  to  serve  the  ends  in  view. 

Essentially,  a  sleeping  bag  is  a  closed  covering 
of  two  layers:  an  inner  layer  of  heat-insulating 
material,  and  an  outer  layer  of  water-tight,  wind- 
tight  material.  Even  the  gentleman  camper, 
scornfully  referred  to  above,  chooses  the  lightest, 
warmest  blankets  he  can  find ;  the  pedestrian  can 
do  no  better.  However,  he  does  not  take  so 
many.  But,  respecting  the  outer  covering,  the 
pedestrian  refuses  the  heavy  waterproofed  duck 
of  the  ordinary  sleeping  bag,  and  selects  instead 
water-proofed  balloon  silk. 

The  simplest  sleeping  bag  may  be  made  by 
folding  a  six  by  six  wool  blanket  within  a  cover 
of  water-proofed  balloon  silk  and  sewing  together 
the  bottom  edges,  and  the  side  edges,  too,  from 
the  bottom  upward,  to  within  a  foot  or  so  of  the 
top.  The  bag  measures  approximately  three  feet 
by  six,  and  should  not  weigh  more  than  five  and 
one  half  pounds. 

Instead  of  the  blanket,  other  material  may  be 
used.  Men  differ  in  the  amount  of  covering  they 
require;  and  then  there  are  the  inequalities  of 
climate  and  season  to  be  reckoned  with.  A  suit- 
able material,  lighter  than  wool  and  affording  less 
warmth,  is  sateen;  a  somewhat  warmer,  some- 

[26] 


HOW 


T    O 


WALK 


what  heavier,  substitute  for  the  wool  blanket  is 
a  down  quilt.  When  still  greater  warmth  is 
needed  the  blanket  may  be  double,  or  blanket  and 
down  quilt  may  be  combined. 

A  rectangular  bag,  such  as  that  just  described, 
may  be  criticized  in  two  particulars:  for  one 
thing,  it  is  not  long  enough  for  a  man  of  good 
stature,  and,  for  another  thing,  there  is  waste 
material  in  it.  It  would  be  just  as  warm  and  just 
as  serviceable  if,  instead  of  being  three  feet  wide 
at  the  bottom,  it  were  at  that  point  only  two  feet 
wide. 

The  specifications  of  an  excellent  sleeping  bag 
for  pedestrian  use  are  given  in  a  pamphlet  pub- 
lished by  the  Appalachian  Mountain  Club, 
"Equipment  for  Mountain  Climbing  and  Camp- 
ing," by  Allen  H.  Bent,  Ralph  Lawson,  and  Per- 
cival  Sayward,  and  with  the  courteous  assent  of 
the  designers,  are  here  incorporated. 

A  bag  made  on  the  dimensions  given  is  suitable 
for  a  man  five  feet  eleven  inches  tall. 

A  strip  of  the  material  for  the  inner  layer  is 
cut  to  the  pattern  indicated  below.  It  is  87 
inches  long,  and  at  its  widest  point  32 ^  inches 
across.  The  widest  point  is  45  inches  from  the 
foot.  At  the  foot  the  strip  is  20  inches  wide,  and 
at  the  head,  21  inches.  The  sides  are  outwardly 
curved.  This  is  the  under  strip. 


GOING 


AFOOT 


A  second  upper  strip  is,  in  over-all  dimen- 
sions, a  duplicate  of  the  first,  but  for  the  fact 
that  it  is  9  inches  shorter.  From  the  foot  up  and 
for  a  length  of  78  inches  it  is  identical  with  the 
first  strip,  but  at  that  point  it  is  cut  short.  A 
face  opening  is  cut  in  the  upper  edge  of  the  sec- 
ond strip,  10  inches  across  and  11  inches  deep. 


These  two  strips  are  superposed  and  their 
overlying  edges  are  sewed  together.  All  edges 
are  properly  hemmed  or  bound. 

As  the  user  lies  in  the  bag,  his  feet  just  reach- 
ing the  bottom,  his  face  is  encircled  in  the  face 
opening.  The  excess  length  of  the  under  strip 
then  becomes  a  flap,  to  fold  over  his  head.  But- 
tons and  buttonholes  may  be  provided,  as  indi- 
cated in  the  drawings,  to  secure  the  flap  in  such 
position. 

The  material  for  the  outer  layer  is  cut  to  the 
same  pattern,  with  sufficient  enlargement  of  di- 
mensions to  allow  the  outer  bag  to  contain  the 
inner  bag  and  cover  it  smoothly. 

The  outer  material  will  preferably  be  water- 
proofed balloon  silk  ("tanalite")  ;  the  inner  ma- 
terial may  be  sateen,  or  blanketing,  or  down  quilt. 
The  designers  suggest  still  another  material: 
Australian  wool  wadding,  encased  in  sateen. 

[28] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

They  say,  "a  brown  sateen  material  is  the 
best  covering,  as  a  very  finely  woven  goods  is 
necessary  to  keep  the  wool  from  working 
through.  The  bag  does  not  need  to  be  quilted, 
but  should  be  'tied  through'  about  every  six 
inches." 

The  balloon  silk  outer  bag  should  weigh  about 
one  and  one-quarter  pounds;  the  bag  of  sateen 
should  weigh  about  two  and  one-quarter  pounds. 
C.  F.  Hovey  Co.,  33  Summer  St.,  Boston,  and  the 
Abercrombie  &  Fitch  Co.,  Madison  Ave.  and 
Forty-fifth  St.,  New  York,  have  made  bags  to 
these  specifications. 

It  remains  only  to  add  a  word  respecting  the 
outer  cover  of  balloon  silk.  Balloon  silk,  which 
in  reality  is  a  fine-woven  cotton,  is,  relatively 
speaking,  a  delicate  material,  and  furthermore  it 
is  not  perfectly  water-tight.  The  great  advan- 
tage of  lightness  justifies  its  use.  But  the  bag 
must  be  carefully  handled,  and  after  hard  service 
the  cover  must  be  renewed. 

Dr.  Charles  W.  Townsend,  of  Boston,  an  ex- 
perienced camper,  writes : 

"The  sleeping  bag  is  a  home-made  affair,  that 
takes  up  only  a  small  part  of  the  room  in  a  ruck- 
sack, and  weighs  four  pounds.  It  is  made  of 
lamb's  wool  wadding,  lined  with  sateen,  and  cov- 
ered with  flannel.  It  is  about  six  and  one-half 
feet  long  and  tapers,  so  as  to  be  wider  at  the 
mouth  than  at  the  foot.  With  ordinary  clothing, 
I  have  slept  warm  in  it  with  a  temperature  of 
forty  degrees.  I  have  also  a  balloon-silk  cover, 
which  can  be  arranged  to  guy-ropes,  to  make  a 
lean-to  tent  over  my  head,  and  gauze  curtains  for 
insects.  I  think  that  weighs  two  and  one-half 
pounds." 

A  tent  will  be  carried  when  the  route  lies 
through  unsettled  country.  In  a  sparsely  settled 

[29] 


GOING          AFOOT 

region,  one  will  run  the  risk  of  heavy  rain  for 
a  night  or  two,  rather  than  bother  with  a  tent; 
but  in  the  wilderness,  a  tent  is  a  necessity,  for 
even  such  a  tarpaulin  as  has  been  described  as 
a  suitable  blanket  cover,  is  not  perfectly  water- 
tight. One  cannot  sleep  out  in  a  driving  rain 
storm.  At  a  pinch,  of  course,  one  can  make  shift, 
and  perhaps  under  rock  ledge  or  shelter  of  boughs 
keep  fairly  dry;  but  after  a  wet  night  in  the 
open,  one  needs  assured  protection  the  second 
night.  The  lightest  tents  are  made  of  balloon 
silk ;  they  weigh  four  pounds  and  upwards.  Two 
men  traveling  together  will  have  a  tent  in  com- 
mon and  will  distribute  and  equalize  their  bur- 
dens. As  has  been  said,  a  tent  affords  warmth 
(particularly  when  carefully  pitched,  with  a  view 
to  making  it  wind-tight)  and,  accordingly,  blan- 
kets need  not  be  so  heavy.  Though  waterproofed 
balloon  silk  is  not  perfectly  water-tight,  one  may 
keep  perfectly  dry  in  a  balloon  silk  tarpaulin  or 
sleeping  bag,  within  a  balloon  silk  tent. 

A  note  on  sleeping  out  is  proper.  In  summer, 
when  there  is  no  rain,  one  should  sleep  under 
the  open  sky;  he  should  choose  as  his  sleeping 
place  an  exposed  ridge,  high  and  dry.  In  such  a 
situation  he  will  suffer  least  annoyance  from 
mosquitoes,  and,  if  the  night  be  cool,  he  will  be 
warmer  than  in  the  valley.  Seldom  in  temperate 
climates  is  the  night  too  warm  for  sleeping  out 
of  doors;  but  even  on  such  a  night  the  air  on 
the  hilltop  is  fresher.  If  it  be  windy,  a  wind- 
break may  be  made  of  boughs  or  of  cornstalks 
(on  a  cool  night  in  autumn  a  corn-shock  may  be 
made  into  a  fairly  comfortable  shelter.)  In  case 
the  evening  threatens  rain,  one  may  well  seek 
a  barn  for  protection ;  if  one  is  in  the  wilderness, 
he  will  search  out  an  overhanging  rock,  or  build 

[30] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

a  lean-to  of  bark  or  boughs.  Newspaper  is  a 
good  heat  insulator,  and  newspapers  spread  on 
the  ground  where  one  is  to  lie  make  the  bed  a 
warmer,  drier  one.  Newspaper  will  protect  one's 
blanket  from  dew.  Be  careful  when  lying  down 
to  see  that  shoes  and  clothing  are  under  cover. 
If  the  night  proves  to  be  colder  than  one  has 
anticipated  and  one's  blanket  is  insufficient  (or 
if,  on  another  tour,  the  days  are  so  hot  that  walk- 
ing ceases  to  be  a  pleasure — though  they  have  to 
be  very  hot  for  that),  it  may  be  expedient,  at  a 
pinch,  to  walk  by  night  and  rest  by  day. 

Such  food  as  must  be  carried  will  be  selected 
to  save  weight,  so  far  as  is  consistent  with  nutri- 
ment. Rolled  oats  are  excellent;  so  also  is  soup 
powder  (put  up  in  "sausage"  form,  imitating 
the  famous  German  erbswurst) ,  and  dried  fruits 
and  vegetables,  powdered  eggs,  and  powdered 
milk.  The  value  of  pemmican  is  known.  All 
these  articles  may  be  obtained  at  groceries  and 
at  sportsmen's  stores.  Seldom,  however,  will  one 
wander  so  far  as  to  be  for  many  days  beyond  the 
possibility  of  buying  food  of  more  familiar  form. 
Shelled  nuts,  raisins,  dried  fruit,  malted  milk 
tablets,  and  lime  juice  tablets  are  good  to  carry 
on  an  all-day  excursion.  Food  bags  of  "paraf- 
fined" cotton  fabric  will  prove  useful.  It  is  well 
to  bear  in  mind  that  food  may  be  distributed 
along  the  way,  sent  in  advance  by  mail,  to  await 
at  post  offices  one's  coming. 

The  special  equipment  of  the  mountaineer— 
alpenstock,  ice  axe,  rope,  crampons,  scarpetti,  etc. 
— need  only  be  mentioned.  They  are  not  needed 
in  climbing  the  mountains  of  eastern  America, 
but  only  on  giddy  peaks,  snowfields,  and  glaciers. 
Those  interested  will  consult  the  works  on  moun- 
taineering mentioned  in  the  Bibliography. 

[31] 


GOING          AFOOT 

From  the  pages  of  a  pamphlet  of  the  Appala- 
chian Mountain  Club  this  note  is  taken : 

"Equipment  does  not  end  with  the  purchase  of 
proper  food,  clothing,  climbing  and  camping  out- 
fit. The  prospective  climber  should  give  some 
thought  to  his  physical  and  mental  equipment. 
A  strong  heart,  good  lungs,  and  a  reasonable 
amount  of  physical  development  and  endurance 
are  among  the  requisites  and  so,  too,  are  courage, 
caution,  patience  and  good  nature.  If  in  addition 
he  is  interested  in  topography,  geology,  photog- 
raphy, animal  or  plant  life,  by  so  much  the  more 
is  his  equipment,  and  consequently  his  enjoy- 
ment, increased." 

CARE  OF  BODY  AND  EQUIPMENT 

As  to  speed  of  walking  and  distance,  see  below, 
page  51;  as  to  preliminary  walking,  in  prepara- 
tion for  a  tour,  see  page  53. 

One  hardly  needs  the  admonitions,  eat  plain 
food,  sleep  long,  and  keep  body  and  clothing 
clean.  The  matter  of  food  becomes  complicated 
when  one  has  to  carry  the  supply  of  a  day  or  two 
or  of  several  days  with  him.  Be  careful  to  get, 
feo  far  as  possible,  a  large  proportion  of  vegetable 
food — fresh  vegetables  and  fruit. 

When  walking,  the  system  requires  large 
amounts  of  water,  and,  generally  speaking,  one 
should  drink  freely.  If  one  stops  by  a  roadside 
spring  on  a  hot  day,  he  should  rest  a  few  min- 
utes before  drinking,  and,  if  the  water  be  very 
cold,  he  should  drink  sparingly.  It  is  refreshing 
before  drinking,  and  sometimes  instead  of  drink- 
ing, to  rinse  mouth  and  throat  with  spring  water. 
In  the  Alps  the  guides  caution  one  not  to  drink 
snow  water.  In  settled  regions,  drink  boiled 
water  only,  unless  assured  of  the  purity  of  the 

[32] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

source.  Beware  of  wells.  It  is  a  matter  of 
safety,  when  traveling,  to  be  inoculated  against 
typhoid  fever.  Practice  restraint  in  the  use  of 
ice  cream,  soda  water,  sweets,  coffee,  and  tea. 

The  pedestrian  should  be  careful  to  get  as 
much  sleep  as  normally  he  requires  at  home, 
and  somewhat  more.  He  may  not  be  so  regular 
in  hours,  for  he  will  find  himself  inclined  to  sleep 
an  hour  at  midday,  and  at  times  to  walk  under 
the  starlight,  to  be  abroad  in  the  dawn.  And  a 
walking  tour  would  be  a  humdrum  affair,  if  he 
did  not  yield  to  such  inclination. 

A  bath  at  the  end  of  the  day — a  sponge  bath, 
if  no  better  offers — is  an  indispensable  comfort. 
While  on  the  march  one  will  come  upon  inviting 
places  to  bathe.  Bathe  before  eating,  not  im- 
mediately after*  If  the  water  is  very  cold,  it  is 
well  to  splash  and  rub  one's  body  before  plunging 
in.  If  much  bathing  tends  to  produce  lassitude, 
one  should  limit  himself  to  what  is  necessary. 

Don't  overdo;  on  the  march,  when  tired  out, 
stop  at  the  first  opportunity — -don't  keep  going 
merely  to  make  a  record.  Don't  invite  fatigue. 
If,  in  hot  weather,  free  perspiration  should  fail, 
stop  immediately  and  take  available  measures  to 
restore  normal  circulation. 

Lameness  in  muscles  is  due  to  the  accumulation 
of  waste  matter  in  the  tissues;  elimination  may 
be  aided  and  lameness  speedily  relieved  by  drink- 
ing hot  water  freely  and  by  soaking  one's  body 
in  a  warm  bath :  the  internal  processes  are  accel- 
erated, in  freer  blood  circulation,  while  much  is 
dissolved  out  through  the  pores  of  the  skin.  At 
the  end  of  a  long  hard  walk,  the  most  refreshing 
thing  is  a  drink — not  of  ice  water,  not  of  soda 
water,  but  a  pint  or  so  of  hot  water.  Rubbing 
oil  as  a  remedy  for  lame  muscles  is  hardly  worth 

[33] 


GOING          AFOOT 

carrying;  alcohol  is  a  mistake.  Bruised  muscles 
should  be  painted  lightly  with  iodine. 

Care  of  feet.  Always  wash  the  feet  thoroughly 
at  the  end  of  a  tramp,  and  dry  carefully,  par- 
ticularly between  the  toes.  If  the  skin  cracks 
and  splits  between  the  toes,  wash  at  night  with 
boric  acid  and  soften  with  vaseline.  It  is  better 
to  allow  toenails  to  grow  rather  long,  and  in 
trimming  cut  them  straight  across. 

^Vhen  resting  at  noon  take  off  shoes  and  stock- 
ings, and,  before  putting  them  on  again,  turn  the 
stockings  inside  out.  If  the  weather  be  mild,  let 
the  feet  remain  bare  until  about  to  set  out  again ; 
if  there  be  water  available,  bathe  the  feet  imme- 
diately on  stopping.  If,  on  the  march,  the  arch  of 
the  foot  should  grow  tired,  consciously  "toe  in." 

If  there  is  rubbing,  binding,  squeezing,  with 
consequent  tenderness  at  any  point,  stop  at  once, 
take  off  shoe  and  stocking,  and  consider  what  is 
to  be  done.  It  may  suffice  to  protect  the  tender 
spot,  applying  a  shred  of  absorbent  cotton  se- 
cured with  a  strip  of  adhesive  tape;  perhaps  the 
thickness  of  the  stocking  may  be  changed,  or  the 
lacing  of  the  shoe  be  eased  or  tightened.  By 
tighter  lacing  sometimes  the  play  of  the  foot 
within  the  shoe  may  be  diminished  and  unde- 
sirable rubbing  or  squeezing  overcome.  Talcum 
powder  sprinkled  on  the  foot  will  help  to  relieve 
rubbing,  and  soap  rubbed  on  the  stocking  outside, 
above  the  tender  place,  is  efficacious. 

Sometimes,  in  spite  of  forethought,  one  may 
find  one's  self  walking  in  ill-fitting  shoes;  for  ex- 
ample, the  shoes  though  broad  enough  may  be 
too  short,  and  one's  toes  in  consequence  may  be 
cramped  and  squeezed  in  the  toe  of  the  shoe — 
particularly  on  down  grades — until  they  become 
tender  and  even  blistered.  If  then  other  exp'e- 

[34] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

dients  fail,  one  has  to  examine  his  shoe  carefully, 
determine  precisely  where  the  line  of  binding 
strain  lies,  and  then — remembering  that  the  shoe 
as  it  is,  is  worthless  to  him — slit  leather  and 
lining  through,  in  a  line  transverse  to  the  line  of 
strain. 

Should  a  blister,  in  spite  of  care,  develop,  let 
it  alone,  if  possible.  Don't  interfere  with  nature's 
remedial  processes.  But,  if  one  must  go  on 
walking  with  the  expectation  that  the  blister 
unless  attended  to  will  tear  open,  then  one  should 
drain  it — not  by  pricking  it  through,  however. 
Take  a  bright  needle,  sterilize  it  in  the  flame  of  a 
match,  and  run  it  under  the  skin  from  a  point  to 
one  side,  and  so  tap  the  blister.  Then  cover  the 
area  with  adhesive  tape.  If  there  is  abrasion, 
paint  the  spot  with  iodine,  or  apply  a  few  crystals 
of  permanganate  of  potassium  and  a  drop  or  two 
of  water,  then  cover  with  absorbent  cotton  and 
adhesive  tape. 

Be  careful,  on  setting  out  in  the  morning,  that 
any  soreness  or  lameness  of  the  preceding  day 
has  been  met  by  the  measures  described. 

Corns  are  caused  by  wearing  tight  or  ill-fitting 
shoes.  If  one  has  a  corn,  he  should  get  rid  of  it 
before  attempting  distance  walking,  and  should 
thereafter  wear  shoes  such  as  to  assure  him  im- 
munity. 

For  sunburn,  use  talcum  powder  or  cocoa  but- 
ter. Do  not  expose  large  areas  of  the  body  to 
sunburn. 

A  cramp  in  the  side  may  easily  be  relieved  by 
drawing  and  retaining  a  deep  breath,  and  bend- 
ing over. 

The  bowels  should  be  kept  open,  and  will  be,  if 
one  orders  his  food  aright.  Constipation  is  to  be 
carefully  guarded  against.  One  may,  in  spite  of 

[35] 


GOING          AFOOT 

himself,  after  hard  walking  in  hot  weather,  find 
difficulty.  A  harmless  emergency  relief  is  an 
enema  of  a  few  ounces  of  the  colorless  inert  oil 
now  sold  under  such  names  as  "Russian"  oil  and 
"Nujol"  (the  Standard  Oil  Company's  prepara- 
tion). I 

Medicines  are  to  be  used  only  in  emergency: 
cascara  for  constipation,  or,  in  case  of  a  sudden 
violent  onset  of  illness,  calomel ;  capsicum  plaster 
for  internal  inflammation.  But  hot  water  within 
and  without  will  generally  relieve  distress,  and 
is  the  best  remedy.  But  do  not  experiment;  if  a 
physician  is  available,  call  him. 

Ammonia  is  an  antidote  for  insect  stings. 

Snake-bites  are,  newspaper  reports  to  the  con- 
trary, very,  very  rare.  The  bite  of  a  poisonous 
serpent  (rattlesnake  or  copperhead)  requires 
heroic  treatment.  Suck  the  wound,  cut  it  out 
immediately  with  a  sharp  knife,  fill  the  incision 
with  permanganate  of  potassium  crystals  and 
drop  water  upon  the  permanganate. 

Care  of  clothing.  Underclothes  and  stockings 
worn  today  may  be  washed  tomorrow  at  the  noon 
hour.  Shirt,  trousers — and  underclothing  too — 
should  go  to  the  tub  every  few  days,  as  oppor- 
tunity offers. 

>  Shoes  should  be  cleaned  each  day,  washed  in 
cold  water  and  greased.  If  wet  they  should  be 
carefully  dried  in  gentle  heat.  Leather  is  easily 
ruined  by  scorching;  never  dry  a  shoe  in  heat 
unendurable  to  the  hand.  Shoes  packed  in  news- 
paper overnight  will  be  measurably  dried  by 
absorption,  Keep  the  leather  pliant  with  grease 
or  oil,  but  not  saturated.  If  one  is  going  to 
walk  through  bogs,  or  in  shallow  water,  then 
his  shoes  should  be  copiously  oiled,  but  ordinarily 
one  should  oil  his  shoes  with  sparing  hand. 

[36] 


HOW          TO          WALK 

COMPANIONS 

Dr.  Finley,  President  of  the  University  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  and  Commissioner  of  Educa- 
tion, finely  says:1  "It  is  figurative  language,  of 
course,  to  speak  of  God's  'walking*  with  man. 
But  I  do  not  know  where  to  find  a  better  expres- 
sion for  the  companionship  which  one  enjoys 
when  walking  alone  on  the  earth.  I  should  not 
speak  of  this  if  I  thought  it  was  an  experience 
for  the  patriarchs  alone  or  for  the  few.  A  man 
does  not  know  one  of  the  greatest  satisfactions 
of  life  if  he  has  not  had  such  walks." 

The  prophets  of  the  cult— Hazlitt  and  Steven- 
son— are  quite  eloquent  on  the  point,  that  the  first 
joys  of  walking  are  reserved  for  those  who  walk 
alone;  even  Emerson  cynically  observes  that  a 
dog  may  on  occasion  be  better  company  than  a 
man.  But  the  solitary  Thoreau  admits  that  he 
sometimes  has  a  companion,  while  sociable 
Lawrence  Sterne  prettily  says,  "Let  me  have  a 
companion  of  my  way,  were  it  but  to  remark 
how  the  shadows  lengthen  as  the  sun  declines." 

Ordinarily,  we  prefer — most  of  us — to  walk  in 
company ;  if  the  tour  is  an  extended  one,  continu- 
ing through  many  days,  we  certainly  do.  And 
nothing  is  more  important  than  the  choice  of 
companions.  A  mistake  here  may  be  a  kill-joy. 
Daily,  hourly  intercourse  rubs  individuality  upon 
individuality,  till  every  oddity,  every  sensitive 
point,  is  worn  to  the  quick.  Be  forewarned,  then, 
and  be  sure  of  one's  companions.  Conversely,  let 
a  man  be  sure  of  himself,  resolutely  refusing  to 
find  offense,  or  to  lose  kindliness,  good  humor, 
and  good  will.  "'Tis  the  best  of  humanity,"  says 
Emerson,  "that  goes  out  to  walk." 

JThe  Youth's  Companion,  Aug.  31,  1911. 

[371 


GOING          AFOOT 

A  common  interest  in  things  seen,  stimulated 
perhaps  by  reading  matter  carried  along,  may  be 
the  selective  process  in  making  up  a  party;  but 
friendship  underlies  all. 

A  proved  company  of  two,  three,  or  four  is 
best.  With  greater  numbers,  the  party  loses  in- 
timacy and  coherence ;  furthermore,  if  dependent 
on  hospitality  by  the  way,  difficulties  arise.  A 
housewife  who  willingly  provides  for  two,  may 
hesitate  to  entertain  six< 

If  there  be  one  in  the  party  who  has  an  apti- 
tude for  it,  let  him  keep  a  journal  (in  the  form 
of  letters  home,  perhaps).  Such  a  record,  illus- 
trated by  photographs,  is  a  souvenir  to  afford 
long-continued  delight. 

When  walking  in  out-of-the-way  places  it  is  the 
part  of  prudence  always  to  have  a  companion; 
for,  otherwise,  in  case  of  mishap,  a  man  might  be 
in  sorry  plight,  or  even  in  actual  danger. 


[38] 


WHEN    TO    WALK 


THE  VAGABOND1 

Give  me  the  life  I  love, 

Let  the  lave  go  by  me, 
Give  the  jolly  heaven  above 

And  the  byway  nigh  me. 
Bed  in  the  bush  with  stars  to  see, 

Bread  I  dip  in  the  river — 
There's   the  life  for  a  man  like  me, 

There's  the  life  for  ever. 

Let  the  blow  fall  soon  or  late, 

Let  what  will  be  o'er  me; 
Give  the  face  of  earth  around 

And  the  road  before  me. 
Wealth  I  seek  not,  hope  nor  love, 

Nor  a  friend  to  know  me; 
All  I  seek  the  heaven  above 

And  the  road  below  me. 

Or  let  autumn  fall  on  me 
Where  afield  I  linger, 

Silencing  the  bird  on  tree, 
Biting  the  blue  finger. 

White  as  meal  the  frosty  field- 
Warm  the  fireside  haven — 

Not  to  autumn  will  I  yield, 
Not  to  winter  even! 

Let  the  blow  fall  soon  or  late, 

Let  what  will  be  o'er  me; 
Give  the  face  of  earth  around 

And  the  road  before  me. 
Wealth  I  ask  not,  hope  nor  love, 

Nor  a  friend  to  know  me. 
All  I  ask  the  heaven  above 

And  the  road  below  me. 

Robert  Louis  Stevenson. 


1From    "Poems    and    Ballads,"    by    Robert    Louis    Stevenson; 
copyright  1895,  1913,  by  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


II 

WHEN  TO  WALK 

Any  day — every  day,  if  that  were  possible. 
Says  Thoreau,  "I  think  that  I  cannot  preserve 
my  health  and  spirits,  unless  I  spend  four  hours 
a  day  at  least  [in  the  open]";  and,  again,  he  says 
of  himself  that  he  cannot  stay  in  his  chamber  for 
a  single  day  "without  acquiring  some  rust." 

Recall  Thoreau's  Journals.  Their  perennial 
charm  lies  largely  in  this,  that  he  is  abroad 
winter  and  summer,  at  seedtime  and  at  harvest, 
in  sun  and  rain,  making  his  shrewd  observations, 
finding  that  upon  which  his  poetic  fancy  may 
play,  finding  the  point  of  departure  for  his  Ex- 
cursions in  Philosophy. 

AT  WHAT  SEASON 

"The  first  care  of  a  man  settling  in  the  country 
should  be  to  open  the  face  of  the  earth  to  himself 
by  a  little  knowledge  of  Nature,  or  a  great  deal, 
if  he  can;  of  birds,  plants,  rocks,  astronomy;  in 
short,  the  art  of  taking  a  walk.  This  will  draw 
the  sting  out  of  frost,  dreariness  out  of  No- 
vember and  March,  and  the  drowsiness  out  of 
August." 

— Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  "Resources." 

The  Daily  Walk.  Walking  is  to  be  com- 
mended, not  as  a  holiday  pastime,  merely,  but  as 
part  of  the  routine  of  life,  in  season  and  out. 
Particularly  to  city-dwellers,  to  men  whose  occu- 
pations are  sedentary,  is  walking  to  be  com- 
mended as  recreation.  Will  a  man  assert  himself 
too  busy? — his  neighbor  plays  a  game  of  golf  a 
week;  he  himself,  perhaps,  if  he  will  admit  it, 

[411 


GOING          AFOOT 

is  giving  half  a  day  a  week  to  some  pastime — 
may  be  a  less  wholesome  one. 

It  is  worth  a  man's  while  to  reckon  on  his 
walking  every  day  in  the  week.  It  may  well  be 
to  his  advantage,  in  health  and  happiness,  to  ex- 
tend his  daily  routine  afoot — perhaps  by  dis- 
pensing with  the  services  of  a  "jitney"  from  the 
suburban  station  to  his  residence,  perhaps  by 
leaving  the  train  or  street  car  a  station  farther 
from  home,  perhaps  by  walking  down  town  to 
his  office  each  morning. 

The  Weekly  Walk.  The  environs  of  one's  home 
can  scarcely  be  too  forbidding.  A  range  of  ten 
miles  out  from  Concord  village  satisfied  Thoreau 
throughout  life.  Grant  the  surroundings  of  Con- 
cord exceptional — Thoreau's  demands  were  ex- 
ceptional. Those  who  will  turn  these  pages 
will  be  for  the  most  part  city  folk;  the  resi- 
dent of  any  of  our  cities  may,  with  the  aid  of 
trolley,  railway,  and  steamboat,  discover  for  him- 
self a  dozen  ten-mile  walks  in  its  environs — 
many  of  them  converging  to  his  home,  some 
macadam  paved  and  so  available  even  in  the 
muddy  season,  and  any  one  of  them  possible  on 
a  Saturday  or  a  Sunday  afternoon. 

What  could  a  pedestrian  ask  more?  A  three- 
hour  walk  of  a  Saturday  afternoon — exploring, 
perhaps,  some  region  of  humble  historic  interest, 
studying  outcroppings  of  coal  or  limestone,  mak- 
ing new  acquaintance  with  birds,  bees,  and 
flowers,  and  enjoying  always  the  wide  sky,  the 
sweep  of  the  river,  the  blue  horizon.  No  other 
recreation  is  comparable  to  this. 

It  is  pleasurable  to  walk  in  fair,  mild  weather ; 
but  there  is  pleasure  on  gray,  cold,  rainy  days, 
too.  To  exert  the  body,  to  pit  one's  strength 
against  the  wind's,  to  cause  the  sluggish  blood  to 

[42] 


WHEN          TO          WALK 

stream  warm  against  a  nipping  cold,  to  feel  the 
sting  of  sleet  on  one's  face — to  bring  all  one's 
being  to  hearty,  healthful  activity — by  such 
means  one  comes  to  the  end,  bringing  to  his  re- 
freshment gusto,  to  his  repose  contentment. 

The  consistent  pedestrian  will  score  to  his 
credit,  every  week  throughout  the  year,  ten  miles 
of  vigorous,  sustained  tramping.  Five  hundred 
miles  a  year  makes  an  impressive  showing,  and 
is  efficacious :  it  goes  far  to  "slam  the  door  in  the 
doctor's  nose." 

The  Walking  Tour.  Apart  from,  or,  better,  in 
addition  to  the  perennial  weekly  walking  about 
one's  home,  there  is  the  occasional  walking  tour : 
a  two  or  three-day  hike,  over  Labor  Day,  per- 
haps, or  Washington's  Birthday;  and  then  there 
is  the  longer  vacation  tour  of  two  or  three  weeks' 
duration. 

With  important  exceptions,  we,  in  our  northern 
latitudes,  arrange  our  walking  tours  in  summer 
time.  And,  so  far  as  concerns  the  exceptions,  it 
will  here  suffice  to  remind  ourselves  of  mountain 
climbing  on  snowshoes  in  winter,  of  ski-running 
and  skating,  and  of  the  winter  carnivals  of  sport 
held  in  the  Adirondacks,  in  the  Alps,  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  In  our  southern  states,  how- 
ever, no  disadvantage  attaches  to  winter;  to  the 
contrary,  over  a  great  part  of  that  region,  winter 
is  the  pleasanter  season  for  the  pedestrian. 
But  summer  is  the  season  of  vacations,  and  is, 
generally  speaking,  the  time  of  good  roads,  fair 
skies,  and  gentle  air.  Then  one  can  walk  with 
greatest  ease  and  freedom. 

The  choice  of  the  particular  fortnight  for  the 
"big  hike"  may  be  governed  by  all  sorts  of  con- 
siderations; if  the  expedition  be  ornithological, 
and  there  is  free  choice,  it  will  be  taken  in  May 

[43] 


GOING          AFOOT 

or  June,  or  perhaps  in  September ;  if  to  climb  Mt. 
Ktaadn,  it  will  preferably  be  in  August. 
Again,  one's  employer  may,  for  his  own  reasons, 
fix  the  time.  It  is  well,  therefore,  to  formulate 
general  statements,  helpful  in  making  choice  of 
place,  when  once  the  season  has  been  fixed. 

In  early  summer,  from  the  time  the  snow 
melts  till  mid  July,  the  north  woods  are  infested 
with  buzzing,  stinging,  torturing  mosquitoes;  to 
induce  one  to  brave  these  pests,  large  counter- 
vailing inducements  must  needs  appear.  Moun- 
taineering in  temperate  latitudes  is  less  advisable 
in  the  early  summer  than  later;  there  is  more 
rain  then,  and  nights  are  cold,  and,  in  the  high 
mountains,  soft  snow  is  often  an  impedance. 
Throughout  much  of  our  country,  June  is  a  rainy 
month.  In  May  and  June,  accordingly,  and  early 
July,  one  should  by  preference  plan  his  walk  in 
open  settled  country,  in  the  foothills  of  mountain 
ranges,  or  across  such  pleasant  regions  as  central 
New  York  or  Wisconsin. 

Late  July,  August  and  September  are,  for  the 
most  part,  hot  and  dusty.  At  that  season,  ac- 
cordingly, the  great  river  basins  and  wide  plains 
should  be  avoided;  one  should  choose  rather  the 
north  woods,  the  mountains,  or  the  New  England 
coast. 

For  the  pedestrian  September  in  the  moun- 
tains and  October  everywhere  are  the  crown  of 
the  year;  the  fires  of  summer  are  then  burning 
low,  storms  are  infrequent,  the  nip  in  the  air 
stirs  one  to  eagerness  for  the  wide  sky  and  the 
open  road. 

,  "The  world  has  nothing  to  offer  more  rich  and 
entertaining  than  the  days  which  October  always 
(brings  us,  when  after  the  first  frosts,  a  steady 
shower  of  gold  falls  in  the  strong  south  wind 

[441 


WHEN          TO          WALK 

from  the  chestnuts,  maples  and  hickories :  all  the 
trees  are  wind-harps,  filling  the  air  with  music; 
and  all  men  become  poets,  and  walk  to  the  meas- 
ure of  rhymes  they  make  or  remember." 

—Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  "Country  Life." 

If  one  is  so  fortunate  as  to  have  his  holiday 
abroad,  he  will  find  the  Italian  hills  or  the  Riviera 
delightful  either  in  early  spring  or  in  late 
autumn;  he  will  find  the  Alps  at  their  best  in 
midsummer;  and,  at  intermediate  seasons,  there 
remain  the  Black  Forest  and  the  regions  of 
the  Seine,  the  Rhine,  and  the  Elbe.  As  for  Scot- 
land and  Ireland,  no  one  has  ventured  to  say 
when  the  rains  are  fewest. 

THE  HOURS  OF  THE  DAY 

"Can  you  hear  what  the  morning  says  to  you, 
and  believe  that  ?  Can  you  bring  home  the  sum- 
mits of  Wachusett,  Greylock,  and  the  New 
Hampshire  hills?" 

— Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  "Country  Life." 

It  is  well,  and  altogether  pleasantest,  on  the 
hike,  to  be  under  way  early  in  the  morning;  and 
sometimes — particularly  if  the  day's  march  be 
short — to  finish  all,  without  prolonged  stop.  Ordi- 
narily, it  is  preferable  to  walk  till  eleven  or 
twelve  o'clock,  then  to  rest,  wash  clothing,  have 
lunch,  read,  sleep,  and,  setting  out  again  in  the 
middle  of  the  afternoon,  to  complete  the  day's 
stage  by  five  or  six  o'clock.  Afterward  come 
bath,  clean  clothes,  the  evening  meal,  rest,  and  an 
early  bed. 

But  one's  schedule  should  not  be  inflexible;  one 
should  have  acquaintance  with  the  dawn,  he 
should  know  the  voices  of  the  night.  One  for- 
gets how  many  stars  there  are,  till  he  finds  him- 

[45] 


GOING          AFOOT 

self  abroad  at  night  in  clear  mountain  air.  An 
all-night  walk  is  a  wonderful  experience,  par- 
ticularly under  a  full  moon ;  and,  in  intensely  hot 
weather,  a  plan  to  walk  by  night  may  be  a  very 
grateful  arrangement. 

Dr.  John  H.  Finley,  of  the  University  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  writes  in  the  Outlook*  remin- 
iscently  of  walking  by  night : 

"But  the  walks  which  I  most  enjoy,  in  re- 
trospect at  any  rate,  are  those  taken  at  night. 
Then  one  makes  one's  own  landscape  with  only 
the  help  of  the  moon  or  stars  or  the  distant  lights 
of  a  city,  or  with  one's  unaided  imagination  if 
the  sky  is  filled  with  cloud. 

"The  next  better  thing  to  the  democracy  of  a 
road  by  day  is  the  monarchy  of  a  road  by  night, 
when  one  has  one's  own  terrestrial  way  under 
guidance  of  a  Providence  that  is  nearer.  It  was 
in  the  'cool  of  the  day'  that  the  Almighty  is 
pictured  as  walking  in  the  garden,  but  I  have 
most  often  met  him  on  the  road  by  night. 

"Several  times  I  have  walked  down  Staten 
Island  and  across  New  Jersey  to  Princeton  'after 
dark,'  the  destination  being  a  particularly  attrac- 
tive feature  of  this  walk.  But  I  enjoy  also  the 
journeys  that  are  made  in  strange  places  where 
one  knows  neither  the  way  nor  the  destination, 
except  from  a  map  or  the  advice  of  signboard 
or  kilometer  posts  (which  one  reads  by  the  flame 
of  a  match,  or,  where  that  is  wanting,  sometimes 
by  following  the  letters  and  figures  on  a  post 
with  one's  fingers),  or  the  information,  usually 
inaccurate,  of  some  other  wayfarer.  Most  of 
these  journeys  have  been  made  of  a  necessity  that 
has  prevented  my  making  them  by  day,  but  I 
have  in  every  case  been  grateful  afterward  for 
the  necessity.  In  this  country  they  have  been 
usually  among  the  mountains — the  Green  Moun- 

2Issue  of  April  25,  1917. 

[461 


WHEN          TO          WALK 

tains  or  the  White  Mountains  or  the  Catskills. 
But  of  all  my  night  faring,  a  night  on  the  moors 
of  Scotland  is  the  most  impressive  and  memor- 
able, though  without  incident.  No  mountain 
landscape  is  to  me  more  awesome  than  the  moor- 
lands by  night,  or  more  alluring  than  the  moor- 
lands by  day  when  the  heather  is  in  bloom.  Per- 
haps this  is  only  the  ancestors  speaking  again. 

"But  something  besides  ancestry  must  account 
for  the  others.  Indeed,  in  spite  of  it,  I  was 
drawn  one  night  to  Assisi,  where  St.  Francis  had 
lived.  Late  in  the  evening  I  started  on  to  Foligno 
in  order  to  take  a  train  in  to  Rome  for  Easter 
morning.  I  followed  a  white  road  that  wound 
around  the  hills,  through  silent  clusters  of  cot- 
tages tightly  shut  up  with  only  a  slit  of  light 
visible  now  and  then,  meeting  not  a  human  being 
along  the  way  save  three  somber  figures  ac- 
companying an  ox  cart,  a  man  at  the  head  of  the 
oxen  and  a  man  and  a  woman  at  the  tail  of  the 
cart — a  theme  for  Millet.  (I  asked  in  broken 
Italian  how  far  it  was  to  Foligno,  and  the  answer 
was,  'Una  hora' — distance  in  time  and  not  in 
miles.)  Off  in  the  night  I  could  see  the  lights  of 
Perugia,  and  some  time  after  midnight  I  began 
to  see  the  lights  of  Foligno — of  Perugia  and 
Foligno,  where  Raphael  had  wandered  and 
painted.  The  adventure  of  it  all  was  that  when 
I  reached  Foligno  I  found  that  it  was  a  walled 
town,  that  the  gate  was  shut,  and  that  I  had 
neither  passport  nor  intelligible  speech.  There 
is  an  interesting  walking  sequel  to  this  journey. 
I  carried  that  night  a  wooden  water-bottle,  such 
as  the  Italian  soldiers  used  to  carry,  filling  it 
from  the  fountain  at  the  gate  of  Assisi  before 
starting.  Just  a  month  later,  under  the  same  full 
moon,  I  was  walking  between  midnight  and 
morning  in  New  Hampshire.  I  had  the  same 
water-bottle  and  stopped  at  a  spring  to  fill  it. 
When  I  turned  the  bottle  upside  down,  a  few 
drops  of  water  from  the  fountain  of  Assisi  fell 

[47] 


GOING          AFOOT 

into  the  New  England  spring,  which  for  me, 
at  any  rate,  has  been  forever  sweetened  by  this 
association. 

"All  my  long  night  walks  seem  to  me  now  as 
but  preparation  for  one  which  I  was  obliged  to 
make  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war  in  Europe.  I 
had  crossed  the  Channel  from  England  to  France, 
on  the  day  that  war  was  declared  by  England,  to 
get  a  boy  of  ten  years  out  of  the  war  zone.  I 
got  as  far  by  rail  as  a  town  between  Arras  and 
Amiens,  where  I  expected  to  take  a  train  on  a 
branch  road  toward  Dieppe;  but  late  in  the 
afternoon  I  was  informed  that  the  scheduled 
train  had  been  canceled  and  that  there  might  not 
be  another  for  twenty-four  hours,  if  then.  Auto- 
mobiles were  not  to  be  had  even  if  I  had  been 
able  to  pay  for  one.  So  I  set  out  at  dusk  on  foot 
toward  Dieppe,  which  was  forty  miles  or  more 
distant.  The  experiences  of  that  night  would 
in  themselves  make  one  willing  to  practice  walk- 
ing for  years  in  order  to  be  able  to  walk  through 
such  a  night  in  whose  dawn  all  Europe  waked  to 
war.  There  was  the  quiet,  serious  gathering  of 
the  soldiers  at  the  place  of  rendezvous;  there 
were  the  all-night  preparations  of  the  peasants 
along  the  way  to  meet  the  new  conditions ;  there 
was  the  pelting  storm  from  which  I  sought 
shelter  in  the  niches  for  statues  in  the  walls  of 
an  abandoned  chateau;  there  was  the  clatter  of 
the  hurrying  feet  of  soldiers  or  gendarmes  who 
properly  arrested  the  wanderer,  searched  him, 
took  him  to  a  guard-house,  and  detained  him  until 
certain  that  he  was  an  American  citizen  and  a 
friend  of  France,  when  he  was  let  go  on  his  way 
with  a  'Bon  voyage';  there  was  the  never-to-be- 
forgotten  dawn  upon  the  harvest  fields  in  which 
only  old  men,  women,  and  children  were  at  work ; 
there  was  the  gathering  of  the  peasants  with 
commandeered  horses  and  carts  in  the  beautiful 
park  on  the  water-front  at  Dieppe ;  and  there  was 
much  besides ;  but  they  were  experiences  for  the 

[481 


WHEN          TO          WALK 

most  part  which  only  one  on  foot  could  have  had." 

In  answer  to  a  request  for  a  contribution  to 
this  handbook,  Dr.  Finley  replies  generously,  and 
to  the  point: 

"I  have  never  till  now,  so  far  as  I  can  recall, 
tried  to  set  down  in  order  my  reasons  for  walk- 
ing by  night.  Nor  am  I  aware  of  having  given 
specific  reasons  even  to  myself.  It  has  been  suf- 
ficient that  I  have  enjoyed  this  sort  of  vagrancy. 
But  since  it  has  been  asked,  I  will  try  to  analyze 
the  enjoyment. 

"1.  The  roads  are  generally  freer  for  pedes- 
trians by  night.  One  is  not  so  often  pushed  off 
into  the  ditch  or  into  the  weeds  at  the  roadside. 
There  is  not  so  much  of  dust  thrown  into  one's 
face  or  of  smells  into  one's  nostrils.  More  than 
this  (a  psychological  and  not  a  physical  reason) 
one  is  not  made  conscious  by  night  of  the  con- 
tempt or  disdain  of  the  automobilist,  which  really 
contributes  much  to  the  discomfort  of  a  sensitive 
traveler  on  foot  by  day.  I  have  ridden  enough 
in  an  automobile  to  know  what  the  general  auto- 
mobile attitude  toward  a  pedestrian  is. 

"2.  Many  landscapes  are  more  beautiful  and 
alluring  by  moonlight  or  by  starlight  than  by 
sunlight.  The  old  Crusader's  song  intimates 
this:  'Fair  is  the  sunlight;  fairer  still  the  moon- 
light and  all  the  twinkling  starry  host.'  And 
nowhere  in  the  world  have  I  appreciated  this 
more  fully  than  out  in  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  and 
Palestine,  where  the  Crusaders  and  Pilgrims 
walked  by  night  as  well  as  by  day.  But  I  have 
particularly  agreeable  memories,  too,  of  the  night 
landscapes  in  the  Green  Mountains. 

"3.  By  night  one  is  free  to  have  for  com- 
panions of  the  way  whom  one  will  out  of  any  age 
or  clime,  while  by  day  one  is  usually  compelled, 
even  when  one  walks  alone,  to  choose  only  from 
the  living  and  the  visible.  In  Palestine,  for  ex- 

[49] 


GOING          AFOOT 

ample,  I  was  free  to  walk  with  prophet,  priest, 
and  king  by  night,  while  by  day  the  roads  were 
filled  with  Anzacs  and  Gurkhas  and  Sikhs,  and 
the  like.  Spirits  walk  by  day,  but  it  takes  more 
effort  of  the  imagination  to  find  them  and  de- 
tach them.  One  of  my  most  delightful  night 
memories  is  of  a  journey  on  foot  over  a  road 
from  Assisi  that  St.  Francis  must  have  often 
trod. 

"4.  There  is  always  the  possibility  of  ad- 
venture by  night.  Nothing  can  be  long  or 
definitely  expected,  and  so  the  unexpected  is  al- 
ways happening.  I  have  been  'apprehended' — I 
do  not  like  to  say  'arrested' — several  times  when 
walking  alone  at  night.  Once,  in  France,  I  was 
seized  in  the  street  of  a  village  through  which 
I  was  passing  with  no  ill  intent,  taken  to  a  guard- 
house and  searched.  But  that  was  the  night  of 
the  day  that  war  was  declared.  Once,  and  this 
was  before  the  war,  I  was  held  up  in  Rahway, 
toward  midnight,  when  I  was  walking  to  Prince- 
ton. I  was  under  suspicion  simply  because  I 
was  walking,  and  walking  soberly,  in  the  middle 
of  the  road. 

"5.  By  day  one  must  be  conscious  of  the  phys- 
ical earth  about  one,  even  if  there  is  no  living 
humanity.  By  night,  particularly  if  one  is  walk- 
ing in  strange  places,  one  may  take  a  universe 
view  of  things.  Especially  is  this  true  if  the 
stars  are  ahead  of  one  and  over  one. 

"6.  Then  it  is  worth  while  occasionally  to  see 
the  whole  circle  of  a  twenty-four  hour  day,  and 
especially  to  walk  into  a  dawn  and  see  'the  eye- 
lids of  the  day/  I  had  the  rare  fortune  to  be 
on  the  road  in  France  when  the  dawn  came  that 
woke  all  Europe  to  war.  And  I  was  again  on  the 
road  one  dawn  when  the  war  was  coming  to  its 
end  out  in  the  East. 

4'7.  There  are  as  many  good  reasons  for  walk- 
ing by  night  as  by  day.  But  no  better  reason 

[50] 


WHEN          TO          WALK 

than  that  one  who  loves  to  walk  by  night  can 
never  fear  the  shadow  of  death. 

"You  will  ask  if  I  have  any  directions  to  give. 
I  regret  to  say  that  I  have  not.  I  seldom  walk 
with  else  than  a  stick,  a  canteen  of  water,  and  a 
little  dried  fruit  in  my  pocket — and  a  box  of 
matches,  for  sometimes  it  is  convenient  to  be  able 
to  read  signboards  and  kilometer  posts  even  by 
night." 

SPEED  AND  DISTANCE 

Stevenson  speaks,  contemptuously  of  "the 
championship  walker  in  purple  stockings,"  and 
indeed  it  is  well  to  heed  moderate  counsel,  lest, 
in  enthusiasm  for  walking,  one  misses  after  all 
the  supreme  joys  of  a  walk.  At  the  same  time, 
there  is  danger  of  too  little  as  well  as  of  too 
much.  To  loiter  and  dilly-dally  (to  borrow  again 
Stevenson's  phrase)  changes  a  walk  into  some- 
thing else — something  more  like  a  picnic. 

Really  to  walk  one  should  travel  with  swing- 
ing stride  and  at  a  good  round  pace.  Ten  or 
twenty  miles  covered  vigorously  are  not  half  so 
wearying  to  body  nor  to  mind  as  when  dawdled 
through.  One  need  not  be  "a  champion  walker 
in  purple  stockings"  covering  five  miles  an  hour 
and  fifty  miles  a  day. 

If  one  is  traveling  without  burden,  he  should 
do  three  and  a  half  to  four  miles  an  hour;  if  he 
carries  twenty  pounds,  his  pace  should  be  not 
more  than  three  and  a  half;  and  if  he  carries 
thirty,  it  should  be  three  miles  an  hour,  at  most. 
When  traveling  under  a  load,  one  has  no  mind 
to  run;  on  an  afternoon's  ramble,  one  may  run 
down  gentle  grades  "for  the  fun  of  it,"  but  on 
the  hike  it  is  best  always  to  keep  one  foot  on  the 
ground.  The  perennial,  weekly,  conditioning 

[51J 


GOING          AFOOT 

walk  should  require  about  three  hours;  and  the 
distance  covered  should  be  at  least  ten  miles.  On 
a  tour,  continued  day  after  day,  one  should  ordi- 
narily walk  for  five,  six,  or  seven  hours  a  day,  and 
cover,  on  the  average,  fifteen  to  twenty  miles. 
With  three  weeks  to  spare,  one  has,  say,  ten  to 
fifteen  walking  days — rain  may  interfere,  there 
are  things  to  be  seen,  one  does  not  want  to  walk 
every  day.  At  the  average  rate  of  twenty  miles 
a  day — which  one  can  easily  do  under  a  fifteen- 
pound  pack — the  distance  covered  should  be  200 
to  250  miles.  If  one  carries  thirty  pounds,  he 
travels  more  slowly,  and  makes  side  trips,  and 
covers  a  stretch  of  say  a  hundred  miles  of 
country. 

The  figures  given  are  applicable  to  walking 
in  comparatively  level  regions;  in  mountain 
climbing,  of  course,  they  do  not  hold.  To  ascend 
three  thousand  feet  in  elevation,  at  any  gradient, 
is  at  the  least  a  half -day's  work;  it  may  be  much 
more.  Furthermore,  in  mountaineering  at  great 
and  unaccustomed  altitudes — 8,000  feet  and  up- 
wards— great  care  must  be  taken  against  over  ex- 
ertion. One  who  has  had  experience  in  ascend- 
ing Alpine  peaks  will  remember  that,  under  the 
leadership  of  his  guides,  he  was  required  to  stop 
and  rest  for  fifteen  minutes  in  each  hour,  to  eat 
an  Albert  biscuit,  and  to  drink  a  swallow  of  tea 
mixed  with  red  wine. 

Professor  William  Morris  Davis,  in  "Excur- 
sions around  Aix-les-Bains,"  gives  the  following 
notes  upon  speed  in  mountain-climbing: 

"While  walking  up  hill,  adopt  a  moderate  pace 
that  can  be  steadily  maintained,  and  keep  going. 
Inexperienced  climbers  are  apt  to  walk  too  fast 
at  first  and,  on  feeling  the  strain  of  a  long  ascent, 
to  become  discouraged  and  "give  it  up";  or  if 

[52] 


WHEN  TO  WALK 

they  persist  to  the  top,  they  may  be  tempted  to 
accept  bodily  fatigue  as  an  excuse  for  the  in- 
dolent contemplation  of  a  view,  the  full  enjoy- 
ment of  which  calls  for  active  observation.  Let 
these  beginners  remember  that  many  others  have 
shared  their  feelings,  but  have  learned  to  regard 
temporary  fatigue  as  a  misleading  adviser. 
There  is  no  harm  done  if  one  becomes  somewhat 
tired;  exhaustion  is  prevented  by  reducing  the 
pace  when  moderate  fatigue  begins.  Let  the 
mind  rest  on  agreeable  thoughts  while  the  body 
is  working  steadily  during  a  climb;  when  the 
summit  is  reached,  let  the  body  rest  as  comfort- 
ably as  possible  while  the  mind  works  actively  in 
a  conscious  examination  of  the  view.  Avoid  the 
error  of  neglecting  the  view  after  making  a  great 
effort  in  attaining  the  view  point. 

"An  ascent  of  400  or  475  m.  [1300-1550  feet] 
an  hour  may  ordinarily  be  made  on  a  mountain 
path;  where  paths  are  wanting,  ascent  is  much 
slower;  where  rock  climbing  is  necessary,  slower 
stilL  Descent  is  usually  much  shortened  by  cut- 
offs at  zigzags  in  the  path  of  ascent :  the  time  of 
descent  may  be  only  a  half  or  a  third  of  that  re- 
quired for  ascent." 

One  should  not  set  out  on  any  tour,  whether 
in  the  mountains  or  elsewhere,  and,  without 
preparation,  undertake  to  do  twenty  miles  a  day. 
During  the  weeks  preceding  departure,  one 
should  be  careful  not  to  miss  his  ten-mile  weekly 
hike;  and  he  should,  if  possible,  get  out  twice  a 
week,  and  lengthen  the  walks. 

In  planning  his  itinerary,  he  will  not  fix  the 
average  distance  and  walk  up  to  it  each  day.  Let 
him  go  about  the  matter  gradually — fifteen  miles 
the  first  day,  twenty  the  second;  on  the  third 
day  let  him  lie  by  and  rest,  and  on  the  fourth 
do  twenty  again.  With  the  fourth  day  he  will 
find  his  troubles  ended.  The  second  day  is,  usu- 

[53] 


GOING          AFOOT 

ally,  the  hardest — ankles  tired,  feet  tender, 
shoulders  lame  from  the  burden  of  the  knapsack ; 
but,  by  sticking  at  it  bravely  through  the  after- 
noon, the  crest  of  difficulty  will  be  overpassed. 

In  this  matter  of  speed  and  distance,  figures 
are  to  be  accepted  with  freedom.  Individuals 
vary  greatly  in  capacity.  The  attempt  has  been 
made  to  give  fair  estimates — a  rate  and  range 
attainable  by  a  fairly  vigorous,  active  man,  with 
clear  gain.  The  caution  should  be  subscribed, 
"Do  not  try  to  do  too  much." 

STUNT  WALKING 

These  are  tests  of  endurance  in  speed,  in  dis- 
tance, or  in  both ;  the  play  of  the  habitual  pedes- 
trian. Discussion  of  the  matters  of  speed  and 
distance  gives  opportunity  for  the  introduction, 
somewhat  illogically,  of  this  and  the  following 
sections. 

There  is,  in  the  environs  of  a  certain  city,  a 
walk  of  ten  miles  or  better,  a  favorite  course  with 
a  little  company  of  pedestrians.  No  month 
passes  that  they  do  not  traverse  it.  Normally, 
they  spend  two  hours  and  a  half  on  the  way;  if 
some  slower-footed  friend  be  of  the  party,  it  re- 
quires an  hour  more;  their  record,  made  by  one 
of  their  number,  walking  alone,  is  two  hours  and 
twelve  minutes. 

Fired  by  the  example  of  a  distinguished  pedes- 
trian, who  in  the  newspapers  was  reported  to  have 
walked  seventy-five  miles  on  his  seventy-fifth 
birthday,  one  of  the  company  just  mentioned 
essayed  to  do  the  like — a  humbler  matter  in  his 
own  case.  He  is,  however,  so  far  advanced  into 
middle  age  that  he  won  with  a  good  margin  the 
trophy  of  the  League  of  Walkers,  given  to  every 

[54] 


WHEN  TO          WALK 

member  who  covers  thirty  miles  afoot  in  a  single 
day. 
CHAMPIONSHIP  WALKING — WORLD'S  RECORDS 

05  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  O  G)  O  00  O)  O)  O 


oO'Oi  O>  O  O  O  O  t>  t-  O  O  O  O 

rH  rH  rH  CO  CO  CO  CO  rH  rH  N  CO  W  N 


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[551 


GOING          AFOOT 

COMPETITIVE  WALKING 

Mr.  George  Goulding,  the  Canadian  world's 
champion,  has  generously  contributed  the  follow- 
ing paragraphs  on  Competitive  Walking.  The 
definition  of  a  "fair  gate,"  taken  by  Mr.  Goulding 
for  granted,  is,  "one  in  which  one  foot  touches 
the  ground  before  the  other  leaves  it,  only  one 
leg  being  bent  in  stepping,  namely,  that  which  is 
being  put  forward." 

"In  the  present  mad  scramble  of  the  business 
world,  men  forget  the  need  of  exercise;  they  are 
intent  on  rapid  transit,  but  give  little  thought 
to  walking.  Walking  is  the  natural  mode  of 
travel,  it  is  one  of  the  best  forms  of  exercise,  and 
\should  be  engaged  in  by  everyone,  and  by  most 
people  in  larger  degree. 

"If  ordinary  walking  for  health  and  recreation 
has  fallen  into  disuse,  so  has  speed  walking  in 
competition.  There  are,  however,  still  a  few  of 
the  old  school  left,  in  Weston,  O'Leary,  Ward, 
and  others,  who  remind  us  of  the  time  when  the 
art  of  fast  walking  was  more  highly  esteemed  in 
<the  athletic  world. 

"You  have  asked  me  to  give  my  ideas  on  fair 
heel  and  toe  walking  for  competition,  or  speed 
walking,  and  in  replying  I  ask  you  at  the  outset 
to  take  Webster's  Dictionary  from  your  shelf  and 
see  what  the  definition  of  walk  is:  'To  proceed 
[at  a  slower  or  faster  rate]  without  running  or 
lifting  one  foot  entirely  before  the  other  is  set 
down.'  Based  on  that  definition,  a  set  of  rules 
has  been  drawn  up  to  govern  the  sport,  differ- 
entiating a  fast  walk  from  a  running  trot.  The 
chief  thing  for  the  novice  just  starting  is  to  get 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  rules  and  stick 
to  them,  never  violating  them  in  the  slightest. 

"I  cannot  here  make  minute  comment  upon  all 
the  rules  of  championship  walking,  but  I  will  do 

[56] 


WHEN          TO          WALK 

my  best  to  bring  out  in  a  brief  way  the  essen- 
tials. To  simplify  and  make  vivid  what  I  have  in 
mind  to  say,  let  the  reader  accompany  me  to  some 
athletic  track  and  see  with  me  a  bunch  of  walkers 
in  action. 

"It  is  a  principle  of  walking  which  I  have  set 
before  myself,  to  economize  effort,  to  attain 
maximum  speed  with  minimum  expenditure  of 
strength;  but  you  do  not  see  that  principle  car- 
ried out  by  all  the  walkers  before  you  on  the 
track.  One  fellow  over  there  is  twisting  his  body 
on  the  back  stretch  in  an  awful  contortion,  show- 
ing he  is  not  a  natural  walker.  Another,  just  be- 
hind him,  is  jumping  in  a  jerky  way  all  the  time, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  he  is  not  using  his  hips 
to  advantage.  But  look  at  this  young  chap  just 
taking  the  turn,  how  smoothly  he  works!  What 
freedom  of  action  he  has!  Look  at  his  hop  mo- 
tion! In  order  to  get  a  better  view,  let  us  step 
out  upon  the  track.  Now  see  how  his  hip  is 
brought  well  round  at  each  stride,  the  right  being 
stretched  out  a  little  to  the  left,  and  the  left  in 
the  next  stride  to  the  right,  in  order  that  he  can 
bring  his  feet,  one  directly  in  front  of  the  other. 
Notice  that  he  walks  in  a  perfectly  straight  line. 
That  is  to  say,  if  a  direct  line  were  drawn  around 
the  track,  he  would  place  each  foot  alternately 
upon  it.  Bear  in  mind  that  the  shortest  distance 
between  any  two  points  is  a  straight  line.  By 
this  time  the  walker  has  passed  us,  and  we  get 
a  view  of  him  from  the  field.  In  contrast  with 
the  other  contestants,  he  does  not  seem  to  have 
any  hip  action.  That  is  because  his  stride  is 
perfectly  straight,  no  overlapping;  his  stride 
shoots  out  right  from  the  waist;  he  gets  into  it 
every  possible  inch,  and  yet  there  is  no  disturb- 
ance of  the  smoothness  of  his  action.  And  with 
his  perfect  stride  note  how  he  works  his  feet  to 
advantage:  the  right  foot  comes  to  the  ground 
heel  first,  and  as  the  left  leg  is  swung  in  front 
of  the  right,  the  ball  of  the  right  comes  down; 

[571 


GOING          AFOOT 

then,  as  the  right  foot  rises  to  the  toe  position, 
the  heel  of  the  left  strikes  the  ground  and  in  turn 
takes  the  weight  of  the  body.  Notice  how  one 
foot  is  on  the  ground  all  the  time;  there  is  no 
possibility  of  a  lift.  A  good  test,  to  judge 
whether  a  walker  is  'lifting'  or  not,  is  to  note 
whether  his  head  moves  in  a  straight  line;  for, 
when  one  lifts,  the  head  moves  up  and  down. 

"Now  notice  the  difference  in  the  way  the  dif- 
ferent men  'lock'  their  knees.  The  knee  should 
be  perfectly  straight  or  'locked'  as  the  foremost 
foot  reaches  the  ground,  and  should  continue  so 
through  the  beginning  of  the  stride.  It  is  easier 
to  reach  forward  with  a  straight  knee  than  with 
a  bent  one.  As  the  heel  comes  to  contact  with 
the  ground,  the  weight  of  the  body  is  shifted 
from  the  rearward  to  the  forward  foot,  and  the 
leg  that  has  just  swung  forward  now  begins  to 
propel  the  body.  The  straightened  knee  is  at  this 
instant  locked.  The  'lock'  should  be  decided  and 
complete.  Remember  this  clearly,  that  the  knee 
should  be  first  straight  and  then  locked.  A  knee 
bent  throughout  the  stride  is  not  to  be  approved. 
The  rules  call  for  a  fair  heel  and  toe  walk,  with 
a  stiff  knee,  and  we  have  got  to  live  up  to  them. 

"With  our  walkers  still  in  view  as  they  go 
around  the  track,  let  us  study  their  arm  motion. 
Notice  how  that  fellow  is  slashing  away  across 
his  chest.  That  is  not  necessary.  Neither  is  the 
action  of  the  man  just  ahead  of  him,  who  is 
throwing  his  arms  away  out  laterally  from  the 
hips.  Now  look  at  the  fellow  with  the  freedom 
of  action  we  have  already  noted.  His  arms  are 
fairly  low,  they  do  not  rise  higher  than  the 
breast.  On  the  forward  swing  of  his  arm  the 
elbow  does  not  pass  the  hip,  and  on  the  back- 
ward swing  the  hand  does  not  pass  the  hip.  The 
man  does  not  carry  corks.  (The  less  concentra- 
tion of  mind  upon  the  action  of  muscles  the 
better.) 

"I  think  I  have  illustrated  the  chief  points  in- 

[58] 


WHEN          TO          WALK 

volved  in  walking  according  to  the  rules  laid 
down.  Perhaps  a  summary  of  the  rules  for  fair 
heel  and  toe  walk  will  be  useful: 

"Hip  motion:  Just  enough  twist  or  curve  given 
to  bring  the  feet  alternately  in  one  straight  line. 

"Leg  action:  Below  the  waist  shoot  the  leg  out 
in  a  straight  clean  drive  to  its  full,  natural  limit : 
hip  locked,  knee  locked,  and  free  play  given  the 
foot. 

"Foot  action:  The  heel  of  the  right  foot  strikes 
the  ground  first.  As  the  left  leg  is  swung  in 
front  of  the  right,  the  foot  of  the  right  comes 
down  flat,  then,  as  it  is  raised  to  toe  position,  the 
heel  of  the  left  strikes  the  ground  and  in  turn 
takes  the  weight  of  the  body. 

"Carriage  of  the  body:  To  be  perfectly  up- 
right, with  the  center  of  gravity  on  the  heels,  the 
head  all  the  time  traveling  in  a  straight  line. 

"Knee  action:  Knee  to  be  straight  at  first  and 
afterwards  locked. 

"Arm  action:  Arms  act  with  the  shoulders  to 
give  good  balance.  Keep  them  fairly  low,  not 
ascending  any  higher  than  the  nipples ;  good  even 
swing;  hand  and  elbow  alternately  reaching  the 
hips. 

"Hands:  Recommended  to  be  kept  loose,  corks 
not  necessary. 

"Having  pointed  out  to  you  wherein  individuals 
differ,  and  having  indicated  what  constitutes  a 
fair  heel  and  toe  walk,  a  few  hints  on  training 
may  be  helpful.  My  first  advice  to  any  athletic 
kspirant  is  to  undergo  a  medical  examination,  in 
order  to  find  out  if  he  is  strong  enough  constitu- 
tionally to  risk  strenuous  track  work  without  in- 
jury to  his  health.  I  would  further  suggest  that 
such  an  examination  be  an  annual  affair. 

"What  is  the  purpose  of  training?  We  train  to 
gain  efficiency  in  whatever  branch  of  sport  we 
enter.  To  train  properly  one  must  concentrate 

[59] 


GOING          AFOOT 

attention  upon  whatever  pertains  to  his  particu- 
lar sport.  Through  such  attention  one  strength- 
ens the  muscles  and  nerves,  gains  knowledge  of 
the  strength  he  possesses,  so  that  he  can  use  it 
in  the  right  way  and  at  the  right  time,  to  attain 
the  maximum  amount  of  speed  with  the  minimum 
amount  of  effort.  Training  increases  strength 
of  mind,  self-confidence,  strong  nerves,  patience, 
thinking  power,  and  character. 

"The  amount  of  track  work  needed  to  prepare 
for  a  walking-match  will  depend  upon  the  indi- 
vidual, but  remember  that  staying  in  bed  and 
reading  a  set  of  rules  will  not  do.  There  is  a 
lot  of  hard  work  ahead.  To  start  with,  I  would 
never  think  of  entering  a  race  without  at  least 
three  months'  preparation,  be  it  daily  or  three 
times  per  week.  A  long  and  careful  training  is 
far  better  than  a  short  and  severe  one,  and  so  I 
would  recommend  easy  work  for  the  first  month, 
with  a  gradual  increase  of  speed  as  one  goes 
along.  Do  not  bother  with  a  stop  watch  until 
the  second  month  at  the  earliest. 

"Let  me  also  suggest  that  one  do  a  little  morn- 
ing calisthenics.  These  exercises  should  focus 
on  developing  alertness  and  endurance;  conse- 
quently, light,  rapid  movements  that  give  the 
muscles  tone  and  firmness  are  the  qualities  to 
seek  in  such  individual  exercise. 

"I  have  always  found  deep  breathing  a  great 
help  when  training  for  a  contest.  I  always  prac- 
tice deep  breathing  when  out  for  a  street  walk, 
inhaling  through  about  eight  steps,  exhaling  for 
a  like  period. 

"One  of  the  things  I  learned  early  in  my  career 
was  the  value  of  sun  baths.  The  blood  needs 
light,  and  one  needs  pure  blood  to  win  a  race. 
The  direct  rays  of  the  sun  on  one's  body  will 
give  it.  Of  course  one  should  use  discretion  in 
taking  a  sun  bath. 

"One  should  not  forget  that  he  needs  a  lot  of 
[60] 


WHEN          TO          WALK 

sleep — eight  full  hours  of  it.  Sleep  is  necessary 
for  resting  not  the  body  only;  it  should  also  be 
a  rest  for  the  mind  and  the  nervous  system.  Re- 
member that  sleep  is  not  mere  rest  in  the  sense 
of  inaction;  sleep  is  a  vital  process  in  repairing 
and  rebuilding  used-up  nerve  and  brain  cells,  so 
you  see  it  is  essential  that  the  brain  be  at  rest 
in  order  to  gain  full  recuperation. 

"As  one  becomes  more  advanced  in  the  sport  he 
will  realize  how  large  a  part  the  mind  plays  in 
a  race.  Mental  action  has  a  great  deal  to  do 
with  winning.  A  man  should  not  be  bluffed;  let 
him  make  up  his  mind  he  is  going  to  win,  and 
that  he  must  not  get  rattled;  let  him  have  his 
thoughts  well  collected,  and  he  will  be  all  right." 


[611 


WHERE  TO  WALK 


TREES 

I  think  that  I  shall  never  see 
A  poem  lovely  as  a  tree. 

A  tree  whose  hungry  mouth  is  prest 
Against  the   earth's   sweet   flowing  breast; 

A  tree  that  looks  at  God  all  day 
And  lifts  her  leafy  arms  to  pray; 

A  tree  that  may  in  Summer  wear 
A  nest  of  robins  in  her  hair; 

Upon  whose  bosom  snow  has  lain; 
Who  intimately  lives  with  rain. 


Poems  are  made  by  fools  like  me, 
But  only  God  can  make  a  tree. 


Joyce  Kilmer. 


Ill 

WHERE  TO  WALK 

Anywhere.  Surely  the  pedestrian  may  claim 
for  his  recreation  this  advantage:  it  may  be  en- 
joyed when  one  will  and  wherever  one  may  be. 
But  this  does  not  mean  that  there  is  no  choice,  no 
preference.  Says  Thoreau  again,  "If  you  would 
get  exercise,  go  in  search  of  the  springs  of  life. 
Think  of  a  man's  swinging  dumb-bells  for  his 
health,  when  those  springs  are  bubbling  up  in 
far-off  pastures  unsought  by  him!"  And  Emer- 
son has  this  fresh,  breezy  comment: 

"The  true  naturalist  can  go  wherever  woods  or 
waters  go;  almost  where  a  squirrel  or  a  bee  can 
go,  he  can ;  and  no  man  is  asked  for  leave.  Some- 
times the  farmer  withstands  him  in  crossing  his 
lots,  but  'tis  to  no  purpose;  the  farmer  could  as 
well  hope  to  prevent  the  sparrows  or  tortoises. 
It  was  their  land  before  it  was  his,  and  their  title 
was  precedent." 

Stevenson  would  make  the  surroundings  a  mat- 
ter of  small  import;  the  landscape,  he  says,  is 
"quite  accessory,"  and  yet,  within  a  page  after, 
he  rallies  Hazlitt,  and  playfully  calls  him  an  epi- 
cure, because  he  postulates  "a  urinding  road,  and 
three  hours  to  dinner." 

CHOICE  OF  SURROUNDINGS 

There  is  the  region  about  home,  the  region 
one  knows  best.  For  muddy  weather,  macadam ; 
but,  when  they  are  at  all  negotiable,  then  always 
country  roads  by  preference.  The  macadam  road 
is  all  that  is  unpleasant — hard,  dry,  glaring, 
straight,  monotonous ;  overrun  with  noisy,  dusty, 

[65] 


GOING  AFOOT 

evil-smelling  machines,  with  their  curious  and 
often  unpleasant  occupants.  It  is  bordered,  not 
with  trees,  as  a  road  should  be,  but  with  tele- 
phone poles ;  a  fine  coating  of  lime  dust  lies  like 
a  death  pallor  on  what  hardy  vegetation  strug- 
gles to  live  along  its  margin;  it  is  commercial, 
business-like,  uncompromising,  and  unlovely. 
But  the  country  road  belongs  to  another  world — 
a  world  apart — and  is  traveled  by  a  different 
people.  It,  too,  has  its  aim  and  destination,  but 
it  is  deliberate  in  its  course;  it  neither  cuts 
through  the  hills  nor  fills  the  valleys,  but  accom- 
modates itself  to  the  windings  of  streams  and 
to  the  steepness  of  slopes.  It  is  soft  underfoot, 
shaded  by  trees;  it  finds  and  follows  the  moun- 
tain brooks;  rabbits  play  upon  it,  grouse  dust 
themselves  in  it,  birds  sing  about  it,  and  berries 
hang  from  its  banks  black  and  sweet.  The  peo- 
ple who  live  in  the  country  travel  upon  it;  it  is 
instinct  with  the  life  of  a  hundred  years. 

If  the  day  be  clear,  seek  the  hilltops;  if  not, 
the  wooded  valleys.  The  pedestrian  learns  the 
by-paths,  too,  and  the  short  cuts  across  lots.  He 
can  find  the  arbutus  in  its  season,  the  black- 
berries and  the  mushrooms  in  theirs.  Here  is  a 
suggestive  page  from  Thoreau's  Journal  (Au- 
gust 27,  1854)  : 

"Would  it  not  be  well  to  describe  some  of  those 
rough  all-day  walks  across  lots? — as  that  of  the 
15th,  picking  our  way  over  quaking  meadows  and 
swamps  and  occasionally  slipping  into  the  muddy 
batter  midleg  deep;  jumping  or  fording  ditches 
and  brooks ;  forcing  our  way  through  dense  blue- 
berry swamps,  where  there  is  water  beneath  and 
bushes  above;  then  brushing  through  extensive 
birch  forests  all  covered  with  green  lice,  which 
cover  our  clothes  and  face ;  then,  relieved,  under 
larger  wood,  more  open  beneath,  steering  for 

[66] 


WHERE  TO          WALK 

some  more  conspicuous  trunk ;  now  along  a  rocky 
hillside  where  the  sweet-fern  grows  for  a  mile, 
then  over  a  recent  cutting,  finding  our  uncertain 
footing  on  the  cracking  tops  and  trimmings  of 
trees  left  by  the  choppers;  now  taking  a  step  or 
two  of  smooth  walking  across  a  highway;  now 
through  a  dense  pine  wood,  descending  into  a 
rank,  dry  swamp,  where  the  cinnamon  fern  rises 
above  your  head,  with  isles  of  poison-dogwood; 
now  up  a  scraggy  hill  covered  with  scrub  oak, 
stooping  and  winding  one's  way  for  half  a  mile, 
tearing  one's  clothes  in  many  places  and  putting 
out  one's  eyes,  and  find  [ing]  at  last  that  it  has  no 
bare  brow,  but  another  slope  of  the  same  char- 
acter; now  through  a  corn-field  diagonally  with 
the  rows;  now  coming  upon  the  hidden  melon- 
patch  ;  seeing  the  back  side  of  familiar  hills  and 
not  knowing  them, — the  nearest  house  to  home, 
which  you  do  not  know,  seeming  further  off  than 
the  farthest  which  you  do  know; — in  the  spring 
defiled  with  froth  on  various  bushes,  etc.,  etc., 
etc.;  now  reaching  on  higher  land  some  open 
pigeon-place,  a  breathing-place  for  us." 

Another  page,  too,  is  worth  quoting  (July  12, 
1852) : 

"Now  for  another  fluvial  walk.  There  is  al- 
ways a  current  of  air  above  the  water,  blowing 
up  or  down  the  course  of  the  river,  so  that  this 
is  the  coolest  highway.  Divesting  yourself  of 
all  clothing  but  your  shirt  and  hat,  which  are 
to  protect  your  exposed  parts  from  the  sun,  you 
are  prepared  for  the  fluvial  excursion.  You 
choose  what  depths  you  like,  tucking  your  toga 
higher  or  lower,  as  you  take  the  deep  middle  of 
the  road  or  the  shallow  sidewalks.  Here  is  a 
road  where  no  dust  was  ever  known,  no  intoler- 
able drouth.  Now  your  feet  expand  on  a  smooth 
sandy  bottom,  now  contract  timidly  on  pebbles, 
now  slump  in  genial  fatty  mud — greasy,  sapona- 
ceous— amid  the  pads.  You  scare  out  whole 

[67] 


GOING         AFOOT 

schools  of  small  breams  and  perch,  and  some- 
times a  pickerel,  which  have  taken  shelter  from 
the  sun  under  the  pads.  This  river  is  so  clear 
compared  with  the  South  Branch,  or  main  stream, 
that  all  their  secrets  are  betrayed  to  you.  Or 
you  meet  with  and  interrupt  a  turtle  taking  a 
more  leisurely  walk  up  the  stream.  Ever  and 
anon  you  cross  some  furrow  in  the  sand,  made  by 
a  muskrat,  leading  off  to  right  or  left  to  their 
galleries  in  the  bank,  and  you  thrust  your  foot 
into  the  entrance,  which  is  just  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  water  and  is  strewn  with  grass  and 
rushes,  of  which  they  make  their  nests.  In  shal- 
low water  near  the  shore,  your  feet  at  once 
detect  the  presence  of  springs  in  the  bank  empty- 
ing in,  by  the  sudden  coldness  of  the  water,  and 
there,  if  you  are  thirsty,  you  dig  a  little  well  in 
the  sand  with  your  hands,  and  when  you  return, 
after  it  has  settled  and  clarified  itself,  get  a 
draught  of  pure  cold  water  there.  .  . 

"I  wonder  if  any  Roman  emperor  ever  indulged 
in  such  luxury  as  this, — of  walking  up  and  down 
a  river  in  torrid  weather  with  only  a  hat  to  shade 
the  head.  What  were  the  baths  of  Caracalla 
to  this?" 

It  might  seem  that  all  the  joys  of  walking  are 
rural ;  but  it  is  not  so ;  the  city  dweller  knows  as 
well  as  his  country  cousin  how  to  make  his  sur- 
roundings serve  his  need.  Doctor  Finley,  veteran 
pedestrian  though  he  be,  delighting  to  walk  to 
the  ends  of  the  earth,  has  no  word  of  disdain  for 
the  streets  of  the  city  of  his  home.  The  follow- 
ing passage  is  taken  from  a  paper  of  his  which 
appeared  in  the  Outlook  and  from  which  quota- 
tion has  already  been  made: 

"My  traveling  afoot,  for  many  years,  has  been 
chiefly  in  busy  city  streets  or  in  the  country  roads 
into  which  they  run — not  far  from  the  day's  work 

[68] 


WHERE          TO          WALK 

or  from  the  thoroughfares  of  the  world's  con- 
cerns. 

"Of  such  journeys  on  foot  which  I  recall  with 
greatest  pleasure  are  some  that  I  have  made  in 
the  encircling  of  cities.  More  than  once  I  have 
walked  around  Manhattan  Island  (an  afternoon's 
or  a  day's  adventure  within  the  reach  of  thou- 
sands) ,  keeping  as  close  as  possible  to  the  water's 
edge  all  the  way  round.  One  not  only  passes 
through  physical  conditions  illustrating  the  vari- 
ous stages  of  municipal  development  from  the 
wild  forest  at  one  end  of  the  island  to  the  most 
thickly  populated  spots  of  the  earth  at  the  other, 
but  one  also  passes  through  diverse  cities  and 
civilizations.  Another  journey  of  this  sort  was 
one  that  I  made  around  Paris,  taking  the  line  of 
the  old  fortifications,  which  are  still  maintained, 
with  a  zone  following  the  fortifications  most  of 
the  way  just  outside,  inhabited  only  by  squatters, 
some  of  whose  houses  were  on  wheels  ready  for 
'mobilization*  at  an  hour's  notice.  (It  was  near 
the  end  of  that  circumvallating  journey,  about 
sunset,  on  the  last  day  of  an  old  year,  that  I  saw 
my  first  airplane  rising  like  a  great  golden  bird 
in  the  aviation  field,  and  a  few  minutes  later  my 
first  elongated  dirigible — precursors  of  the  air 
armies.)  .  .  . 

"About  every  city  lies  an  environing  charm, 
even  if  it  have  no  trees,  as,  for  example,  Chey- 
enne, Wyoming,  where,  stopping  for  a  few  hours 
not  long  ago,  I  spent  most  of  the  time  walking 
out  to  the  encircling  mesas  that  give  view  of 
both  mountains  and  city.  I  have  never  found  a 
city  without  its  walkers'  rewards.  New  York  has 
its  Palisade  paths,  its  Westchester  hills  and  hol- 
lows, its  'south  shore'  and  'north  shore/  and  its 
Staten  Island  (which  I  have  often  thought  of  as 
Atlantis,  for  once  on  a  holiday  I  took  Plato  with 
me  to  spend  an  afternoon  on  its  littoral,  away 
from  the  noise  of  the  city,  and  on  my  way  home 
found  that  my  Plato  had  stayed  behind,  and  he 

[69] 


GOING          AFOOT 

never  reappeared,  though  I  searched  car  and 
boat) .  Chicago  has  its  miles  of  lake  shore  walks ; 
Albany  its  Helderbergs;  and  San  Francisco,  its 
Golden  Gate  Road.  And  I  recall  with  a  pleasure 
which  the  war  cannot  take  away  a  number  of 
suburban  European  walks.  One  was  across  the 
Campagna  from  Frascati  to  Rome,  when  I  saw 
an  Easter  week  sun  go  down  behind  the  Eternal 
City.  Another  was  out  to  Fiesole  from  Florence 
and  back  again;  another,  out  and  up  from  where 
the  Saone  joins  the  Rhone  at  Lyons;  another, 
from  Montesquieu's  chateau  to  Bordeaux;  an- 
other, from  Edinburgh  out  to  Arthur's  Seat  and 
beyond;  another  from  Lausanne  to  Geneva,  past 
Paderewski's  villa,  along  the  glistening  lake  with 
its  background  of  Alps;  and  still  another,  from 
Eton  (where  I  spent  the  night  in  a  cubicle  look- 
ing out  on  Windsor  Castle)  to  London,  starting 
at  dawn.  One  cannot  know  the  intimate  charm  of 
the  urban  penumbra  who  makes  only  shuttle 
journeys  by  motor  or  street  cars." 

NATURE  OF  COUNTRY 

When  it  comes  to  the  matter  of  choosing  the 
region  for  a  walking  tour,  all  sorts  of  considera- 
tions enter  in.  This  has  been  indicated  already; 
your  naturalist  will  fix  upon  some  happy  hunting 
ground  where  flowers  or  birds  are  abundant,  or 
fossil  trilobites  or  dinosaurs  are  to  be  discovered ; 
the  fisherman  will  seek  out  the  mountain  brooks ; 
the  antiquarian,  some  remote  rural  region,  per- 
haps, or  scene  of  battle;  the  genealogist  will 
visit  the  graves  of  his  ancestors.  But,  leaving 
for  the  moment  such  special  and  individual  con- 
siderations out  of  account,  what  should  influence 
the  average  pedestrian  in  his  choice  of  locality? 

The  choice  of  locality  with  relation  to  season 
has  already  been  considered,  page  43  above. 

[70] 


WHERE  TO          WALK 

The  choice  will  not  fall  upon  a  flat,  undiversi- 
fied  region,  particularly  if  the  season  be  hot  and 
the  roads  much  traveled  and  dusty.  Emerson,  in 
a  passage  extolling  the  pedestrian  advantages  of 
his  native  Massachusetts,  observes: 

"For  walking,  you  must  have  a  broken  country. 
In  Illinois,  everybody  rides.  *  There  is  no  good 
walk  in  that  state.  The  reason  is,  a  square  yard 
of  it  is  as  good  as  a  hundred  miles.  You  can 
distinguish  from  the  cows  a  horse  feeding,  at  the 
distance  of  five  miles,  with  the  naked  eye.  Hence, 
you  have  the  monotony  of  Holland,  and  when  you 
step  out  of  the  door  can  see  all  that  you  will 
have  seen  when  you  come  home." 

Having  said  so  much,  Emerson  adds,  in  order 
to  put  the  Illinoian  in  good  humor  again: 

"We  may  well  enumerate  what  compensating 
advantages  we  have  over  that  country,  for  'tis  a 
commonplace,  which  I  have  frequently  heard 
spoken  in  Illinois,  that  it  was  a  manifest  leading 
of  the  Divine  Providence  that  the  New  England 
states  should  have  been  first  settled,  before  the 
Western  country  was  known,  or  they  would  never 
have  been  settled  at  all." 

In  Oklahoma,  they  say,  one  can  look  farther 
and  see  less  than  anywhere  else  in  the  world. 

The  pedestrian  seeks  wide  horizons,  but  he 
seeks  more  than  that.  The  only  classical  walk 
which  the  writer  now  recalls,  taken  in  a  level 
region,  was  Thoreau's  tour  along  the  beaches  of 
Cape  Cod;  but  there  was  the  sea — itself  an  un- 
ending delight  and  stimulus  to  imagination — and 
the  sand  dunes,  with  all  the  beauties  of  mountain 
form  in  miniature. 

There  are,  of  course,  the  great  recreation 
grounds  of  the  world :  the  Swiss  Alps,  the  Tyrol, 
and  in  our  own  country  the  Glacier  National 
Park,  the  Yellowstone,  and  the  Yosemite.  Such 

[71] 


GOING          AFOOT 

a  place  is  the  pedestrian's  paradise.  But  such  a 
place  is,  for  most  of  us,  far  away ;  ordinarily,  the 
requirement  is  of  something  humbler. 

Let  the  choice  then  be  broken  country.  There 
is  all  of  New  England,  the  Adirondacks,  the  Ap- 
palachian region,  the  Ozarks,  and  the  great 
mountain  lands  of  the  West.  Some  fringe  of  one 
or  another  of  these  regions  is  accessible  to  almost 
any  holiday  seeker.  In  addition  to  the  mountain- 
ous areas,  there  are  the  drumlins  and  lakes  of 
our  glaciated  northern  states — New  York,  Michi- 
gan, Wisconsin ;  and,  excepting  only  the  prairies, 
there  is  diversity  of  rolling  hills  and  winding 
streams  everywhere. 

THE  GOAL  AND  THE  ROAD 

It  is  well  to  have  an  objective  in  a  walk,  a 
focus  of  interest,  a  climax  of  effort:  a  historical 
objective — the  grave  of  Washington,  perhaps,  or 
the  battlefield  of  Israel  Putnam;  or  a  natural 
objective — the  summit  of  Mt.  Marcy,  or  Lake 
Tahoe,  or  the  Mammoth  Cave. 

Do  not,  however,  set  out  from  the  point  of 
chief  interest;  let  there  be  a  gradual  approach; 
if  possible,  let  the  hardest  work  come  near  the 
end;  let  the  highest  mountain  be  the  last. 

Search  out  objects  of  interest  within  five  hun- 
dred miles  of  home,  choose  one  of  them  as  the 
goal — be  it  mountain,  trout  stream,  or  Indian 
mound — and  let  the  way  lead  to  it. 

On  long  tours,  seek  variety — variety  of  woods, 
rivers,  mountains.  Do  not,  by  choice,  go  and 
return  over  the  same  road,  nor  even  through 
the  same  region.  Better  walk  one  way  and  go 
by  train  the  other. 

In  crossing  mountain  ranges,  ascend  the  grad- 

[72] 


WHERE  TO  WALK 

ual  slope  and  descend  the  steep.  (On  precipices, 
however,  there  is  less  danger  in  climbing  up  than 
down.) 

Walk  from  south  to  north,  by  preference ;  it  is 
always  best  to  have  the  sun  at  one's  back. 

Avoid  macadam  roads—except  when  country 
roads  are  muddy,  or  on  a  night  walk.  By  night 
smooth  footing  is  especially  advantageous.  Ma- 
cadam is  wearing  to  both  body  and  mind — and 
sole  leather;  immediately  after  rain  it  is  toler- 
able. Avoid  highways,  seek  byways.  Leave  even 
the  byways  at  times,  and  travel  across  country. 

MAPS 

On  map  making,  see  page  111. 

A  map  is  useful,  and,  on  an  extended  tour,  al- 
most necessary.  Topographic  maps,  showing 
towns  and  roads  also,  of  a  large  part  of  the 
United  States  are  published  by  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey.  Better  maps  could  not  be  de- 
sired. Different  regions  are  mapped  to  different 
scale,  but,  for  the  greater  part,  each  map  or 
"quadrangle"  covers  an  area  measuring  15' 
in  extent  each  way;  the  scale  is  1 :62,500,  or  about 
a  mile  to  an  inch.  Each  quadrangle  measures 
approximately  12%  x  17 "Vz  inches  and  displays  an 
area  of  210-225  square  miles,  the  area  varying 
with  the  latitude.  To  traverse  one  quadrangle 
from  south  to  north  means,  if  the  country  be  hilly 
and  the  roads  winding,  to  walk  twenty  miles  or 
more. 

On  these  maps  water  is  printed  in  blue,  con- 
tour lines  in  brown,  and  cultural  features — roads, 
towns,  county  lines — in  black.  A  contour  line  is 
a  line  which  follows  the  surface  at  a  fixed  alti- 
tude; one  who  follows  a  contour  line  will  go 

[73] 


GOING          AFOOT 

neither  uphill  nor  down,  but  on  the  level.  The 
contour  interval,  that  is,  the  difference  in  eleva- 
tion between  adjacent  contour  lines,  is  stated  at 
the  bottom  of  each  quadrangle.  It  is  not  uniform 
for  all  the  areas  mapped,  and  is  greater  in  moun- 
tains and  less  in  level  regions.  Every  fourth  or 
fifth  contour  line  is  made  heavier  than  the 
others. 

A  little  experience  will  teach  one  to  read  a  con- 
tour map  at  a  glance;  the  shape  of  the  hills  is 
indicated,  and  their  steepness.  In  addition, 
these  maps  bear  in  figures  (and  in  feet)  actual 
elevations  above  sea  level. 

Besides  the  quadrangles  on  the  unit  of  area 
mentioned,  the  Survey  publishes  maps  to  larger 
scale,  of  regions  of  exceptional  importance: 
Boston  and  vicinity,  for  instance;  Washington 
and  vicinity;  the  Gettysburg  battlefield;  the 
Niagara  gorge;  Glacier  National  Park;  industrial 
regions  such  as  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  and 
vicinity. 

Application  may  be  made  to  The  Director, 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington, 
D.  C.,  for  an  index  map  of  any  particular  region 
in  which  one  is  interested;  the  index  map  is 
marked  off  into  quadrangles,  and  each  quadrangle 
bears  its  distinctive  name.  Information  regard- 
ing larger  maps  is  also  given.  So  that,  on  con- 
sulting the  index  map,  one  may  order  by  name 
the  particular  quadrangles  or  larger  maps  he  may 
desire.  The  price  of  the  quadrangles  is  ten  cents 
each,  or  six  cents  each  for  fifty  or  more.  The 
larger  maps  units  are  of  varying  price. 

For  remoter  regions,  not  yet  mapped  by  Gov- 
ernment, ruder  maps  may  ordinarily  be  had. 

Such  foreign  regions  as  the  Alps  are,  of  course, 
perfectly  mapped.  The  maps  in  Baedeker's  guide- 

[74] 


WHERE          TO          WALK 

books  are  good,  and  better  still  may  be  had,  if 
one  desires. 

It  is  a  good  plan  to  have  the  maps  of  one's 
home  region  mounted  on  linen  and  shellaced. 

Map  case.  Maps  of  small  size  and  constantly 
in  use  may  be  put  in  form  for  carrying  by  cutting 
them  into  sections  and  mounting  them  on  linen, 
with  spaces  for  folding  left  between  the  edges  of 
adjacent  sections.  A  map  so  mounted  may  be 
folded  and  carried  in  an  oiled  silk  envelope. 
Leather  is  not  a  satisfactory  material  for  such  a 
case,  for,  when  carried  in  one's  clothing,  it  be- 
comes wet  through  with  perspiration. 

For  a  walk  on  which  one  has  occasion  to  use  a 
number  of  maps,  it  is  preferable  to  provide  one- 
self with  a  cylindrical  case  of  sheet  tin,  in  which 
the  rolled  maps  may  be  contained.  A  suitable 
case  for  the  Geological  Survey  quadrangles  meas- 
ures eighteen  inches  in  length  and  two  in  di- 
ameter. A  close-fitting  lid  slips  over  the  open 
end,  and  there  are  runners  soldered  to  one  side, 
through  which  a  supporting  strap  may  pass.  A 
small  hole  in  the  bottom  facilitates  the  putting 
on  and  removal  of  the  lid.  Any  tinsmith  can 
make  such  a  case  in  a  short  time.  It  should  be 
painted  outside.  It  may  be  suspended  by  a  strap 
from  the  shoulders,  and  so  be  easily  accessible, 
or  it  may,  if  preferred,  be  secured  to  or  carried 
within  the  knapsack. 

WALKING  BY  COMPASS 

Where  roads  are  many  and  villages  frequent, 
one  may  easily  find  his  way,  map  in  hand.  But 
in  the  wilderness  the  map  must  be  supplemented 
by  the  compass.  The  beginner  should  go  gradu- 
ally about  this  matter  of  traveling  by  compass; 

[75] 


GOING          AFOOT 

he  should  gain  experience  in  small  undertakings. 
For  one  acquainted  with  the  art,  there  is  in  its 
practice  an  alluring  element  of  novelty  and  ad- 
venture. Most  of  all,  one  needs  to  teach  himself 
to  rely  on  his  compass  implicitly. 

A  few  suggestions  about  walking  by  compass 
may  be  useful.  First,  study  the  map,  and  note 
the  objective  points ;  second,  on  setting  out,  have 
always  a  definite  point  in  mind  and  know  its  exact 
bearing ;  refer  to  the  compass  repeatedly,  direct- 
ing one's  course  to  a  tree,  rock  shoulder,  or  other 
landmark,  and  on  reaching  it,  appeal  to  the  com- 
pass again,  to  define  a  new  mark ;  third,  in  mak- 
ing detours,  around  bogs  or  cliffs,  use  the  wits, 
and  make  proper  compensation;  finally,  and  as 
has  once  been  said,  but  cannot  be  too  often  said, 
trust  the  compass. 

From  a  mountain  top,  if  the  destination  can 
be  seen,  one  may  study  the  contour  of  the  land 
between  and,  engraving  it  surely  in  mind,  direct 
his  course  accordingly.  But  ability  to  do  this  is 
gained  only  through  long  experience.  For  a 
novice  to  attempt  it  were  foolhardy,  and  might 
lead  to  serious  consequences. 

In  making  mental  note  of  landmarks,  one 
should,  so  far  as  possible,  get  two  aligned  points 
on  the  course  ahead,  for  by  keeping  the  align- 
ment deviation  may  be  corrected. 

On  a  clear  day,  having  laid  one's  course,  one 
may  follow  it  by  the  guidance  of  one's  shadow. 
But  here  again,  some  experience  is  needed,  before 
trusting  one's  ability  too  far. 

One's  watch  may  serve  as  a  rude  compass,  re- 
membering that  at  sunrise  (approximately  in  the 
east  and  approximately  at  six  o'clock)  the  watch 
being  set  to  sun  time,  if  the  watch  be  so  placed 
that  the  hour  hand  points  to  the  sun,  the  north 

[76] 


WHERE          TO          WALK 

and  south  line  will  lie  across  the  dial,  from  the 
three  o'clock  index  number  to  nine.  And  at  any 
succeeding  time  of  the  day,  if  the  hour  hand  be 
pointed  to  the  sun,  south  will  lie  midway  between 
the  point  where  the  hour  hand  lies  and  the  index 
number  twelve.  Manifestly,  this  improvised  com- 
pass can  be  exactly  right  only  at  equinox,  and 
only  when  the  watch  is  set  to  meridian  time. 


[77J 


WALKING   CLUBS   IN   AMERICA 


UPHILL 

Does  the  road  wind  uphill  all  the  way? 
Yes,  to  the  very  end. 

Will  the  day's  journey  take  the  whole  long  day? 
From  morn  to  night,  my  friend. 

But  is  there  for  the  night  a  resting-place? 
A  roof  for  when  the  slow,  dark  hours  begin. 

May  not  the  darkness  hide  it  from  my  face? 
You  cannot  miss  that  inn. 

Shall  I  meet  other  wayfarers  at  night? 
Those  who  have  gone  before. 

Then  must  I  knock,  or  call  when  just  in  sight? 
They  will  not  keep  you  waiting  at  that  door. 

Shall  I  find  comfort,  travel-sore  and  weak? 
Of  labor  you  shall  find  the  sum. 

Will  there  be  beds  for  me  and  all  who  seek? 
Yea,  beds  for  all  who  come. 

Christina  G.  Rossetti. 


IV 


WALKING  CLUBS  IN  AMERICA 

The  walking  clubs  of  Europe  have  had  a  long 
and  useful  history.  The  favored  regions,  partic- 
ularly the  Alps,  the  Bavarian  highlands,  and  the 
Black  Forest,  have,  time  out  of  mind,  been  the 
holiday  land  for  all  the  European  peoples.  Walk- 
ing there  is  in  vogue  as  nowhere  else  in  the 
world,  unless  it  be  among  the  English  lakes.  Be- 
fore the  war  it  was  interesting  to  an  American 
visitor  in  the  Tyrol  to  observe  how  many  people 
spent  their  holidays  afoot — and  how  many  sorts 
of  people:  men,  women,  old,  young.  Sometimes 
one  met  whole  families  walking  together.  It  was 
not  a  surprising  thing  to  encounter  a  fresh- 
cheeked  schoolgirl  on  the  peak  of  the  Wildspitze ; 
and  pedestrian  bridal  tours  seemed  to  be,  in  some 
strata  of  society  at  least,  quite  the  thing.  But 
the  impressive  fact  was  that  there  were  hundreds 
of  people — men,  women,  and  children — tramping 
the  mountains  together,  and  finding  the  insepara- 
ble desiderata,  health  and  happiness. 

This  enthusiasm  for  walking  has  expressed 
itself  in  walking  clubs;  they  are  part  of  the 
"Movement":  The  Alpine  Club,  Le  Club  Alpin 
FrariQais,  11  Club  Alpino  Italiano,  Die  Deutsche 
und  Oesterreiche  Alpenvereirt,  Der  Schweize 
Alpenclub,  etc.  These  clubs  lay  trails  and  blaze 
them,  through  chasms,  across  passes,  and  to  sum- 
mits. (It  is  the  pedestrian  alone  to  whom  the 
mountains  reveal  their  extremest  beauties.)  The 
clubs  maintain,  at  comfortable  intervals,  moun- 
tain huts,  where  one  may  find  simple  food  and 
a  clean  bed;  and  they  prepare  and  publish  maps 
and  guidebooks. 

[81] 


GOING          AFOOT 

We  are  followers  of  the  Europeans,  and  we 
have  this  advantage  of  followers,  that  we  may 
see  and  profit  by  all  that  they  have  done. 

Already  there  are  many  walking  clubs  in 
America;  their  memberships  are  greatest,  as 
might  be  expected,  in  New  England  and  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  Some  of  these  organizations  are 
concerned  chiefly  with  feats  of  mountaineering; 
others  with  the  needs  of  the  greater  number  of 
ordinary  people.  It  is  of  the  clubs  of  this  latter 
class  that  some  account  will  here  be  given.  But 
at  the  outset  a  word  of  apology  is  needed.  The 
data  from  which  this  chapter  is  prepared  are  in 
the  necessity  of  the  case  casually  collected;  it 
cannot  be  otherwise  than  that  they  are  frag- 
mentary; and  the  result  must  be  faulty  and  ill 
proportioned.  The  chapter  is  offered  as  a  pro- 
visional one.  Organizations  not  mentioned,  but 
which  might  have  had  place  with  those  which 
are,  are  requested  to  furnish  data  respecting 
themselves ;  all  interested  are  invited  to  note  mis- 
takes and  give  advice  of  corrections,  to  the  end 
that  a  more  useful  and  more  nearly  satisfactory 
chapter  may  ultimately  appear.  Communications 
may  be  addressed  to  the  League  of  Walkers,  347 
Madison  Avenue,  New  York. 

THE  APPALACHIAN  MOUNTAIN  CLUB     , 

One  of  the  oldest  and  the  most  distinguished 
of  the  walking  clubs  of  America,  is  the  Appala- 
chian Mountain  Club,  of  Boston,  with  its  two  out- 
lying "chapters,"  in  New  York,  and  in  Worcester, 
Mass.  Following  is  the  official  statement  of  the 
Club's  objects  and  activities. 

'The  Appalachian  Mountain  Club  was  organ- 
ized in  Boston  in  January,  1876,  to  'explore  the 

182] 


CLUBS          IN          AMERICA 

mountains  of  New  England  and  the  adjacent  re- 
gions, both  for  scientific  and  artistic  purposes/ 
Its  activities  are  directed  not  only  toward  the 
preservation  of  the  natural  beauty  of  our  moun- 
tain resorts, — and  in  particular  their  forests, — 
but  also  toward  making  them  still  more  accessible 
and  enjoyable  through  the  building  of  paths  and 
camps,  the  publishing  of  maps  and  guidebooks, 
the  collecting  of  scientific  data,  and  the  conduct- 
ing of  numerous  field  excursions. 

"In  the  fulfilment  of  its  main  purpose  it  has 
built  and  maintained  over  two  hundred  miles  of 
trails,  three  stone  huts  and  nine  open  log  shel- 
ters, all  in  the  White  Mountains,  and  a  clubhouse 
on  Three  Mile  Island  in  Lake  Winnepesaukee. 
It  has  also  acquired  sixteen  reservations,  held 
purely  in  trust  for  the  benefit  of  the  public,  in 
New  Hampshire,  Maine,  and  Massachusetts.  It 
annually  conducts  four  long  excursions:  one  in 
February  for  snowshoeing,  one  in  July,  one  in 
August,  for  those  who  prefer  camp  life,  and  one 
in  early  autumn,  besides  the  same  number  of 
shorter  trips  in  February,  May,  early  Septem- 
ber, and  at  Christmas.  These  are  mainly  in  New 
England  and  New  York.  In  addition  there  are 
Saturday  afternoon  walks  to  various  points  of 
interest  in  the  country  around  Boston  and  New 
York  City,  the  latter  under  the  New  York  Chap- 
ter. Occasionally  there  are  special  walks  for 
those  interested  in  natural  history.  Those  wish- 
ing to  go  farther  afield  can  obtain  privileges  in 
connection  with  the  annual  outings  of  the  west- 
ern mountaineering  clubs. 

"From  October  to  May  monthly  meetings  are 
held  in  Boston  and  to  these  members  may  invite 
friends.  In  connection  with  these  meetings  illus- 
trated lectures  are  given  upon  mountain  regions 
and  other  outdoor  subjects  of  interest. 

"Clubrooms  are  maintained  in  the  Tremont 
Building  [in  Boston],  where  committee  meetings 

[83] 


GOING          AFOOT 

and  small  informal  gatherings  are  held,  and 
where  the  fine  library,  many  maps,  and  a  large 
collection  of  photographs  are  kept.  .  . 

"Members  are  kept  informed  of  the  activities 
of  the  Club  by  a  monthly  Bulletin,  and  at  least 
once  a  year  an  illustrated  magazine,  entitled  Ap- 
palachia,  is  published.  .  .  In  addition  the 
Club  has  published  a  'Guide  to  Paths  in  the 
White  Mountains  and  Adjacent  Regions'  ($2.00), 
a  bibliography  of  the  White  Mountains'  ($1.00), 
'Walks  and  Rides  about  Boston*  ($1.25),  a  book- 
let 'Equipment  for  Climbing  and  Camping*  (10 
cents),  and  a  'Snowshoe  Manual'  (10  cents). 

"In  January,  1919,  there  were  about  2300  mem- 
bers (the  New  York  Chapter  numbers  145). 
Membership  in  the  Club  costs  eight  dollars  for 
the  first  year  and  four  dollars  a  year  thereafter. 
No  climbing  qualification  is  necessary,  but  candi- 
dates must  be  nominated  by  two  club  members, 
to  whom  they  are  personally  known,  and  approved 
by  the  Committee  on  Membership.  Application 
blanks  and  further  information  may  be  had  by 
addressing  the  Corresponding  Secretary,  1050 
Tremont  Building,  Boston." 

THE  GREEN  MOUNTAIN  CLUB 

The  Green  Mountain  Club,  of  Vermont,  was 
organized  March  11,  1910,  with  the  object  of 
making  the  remotest  and  wildest  regions  of  the 
Green  Mountains  accessible  to  pedestrians.  As 
rapidly  as  its  income  permits,  it  is  building  the 
Long  Trail,  which  when  completed  will  be  a  "sky- 
line" trail  for  walkers,  following  the  mountain 
ridges  and  ascending  the  peaks,  throughout  a 
course  of  about  250  miles,  from  the  Canadian  line 
to  Massachusetts. 

Two  portions  of  the  trail  have  already  been 
built  and  are  in  use :  one,  a  stretch  of  thirty  miles, 

[84] 


CLUBS          IN          AMERICA 

extending:  north  and  south  near  Rutland;  the 
other,  a  continuous  section  of  sixty-seven  miles, 
extending  from  Middlebury  Gap,  fourteen  miles 
east  of  Middlebury,  northward,  to  Smugglers' 
Notch,  on  the  east  side  of  Mount  Mansfield.  It 
requires  eight  days  to  cover  this  section  of  the 
Trail.  There  is  a  cabin  of  the  Club,  or  a  club- 
house, farmhouse,  or  hotel  available  at  the  end 
of  each  day's  hike.  It  is  better  to  carry  food 
and  blankets,  though  blankets  may  be  hired  and 
food  sent  in  under  arrangements  made  in  ad- 
vance. There  is  good  prospect  that  by  the  end 
of  the  summer  (of  1919)  new  trails  will  be  built, 
connecting  the  two  portions  mentioned,  and  ex- 
tending the  northern  stretch  some  miles  further, 
to  Johnson.  The  Club  will  then  have  built  and 
brought  under  its  care  130  miles  of  continuous 
trail. 

Some  account  of  walking  the  Long  Trail  may 
be  found  in  "Vacation  Tramps  in  New  England 
Highlands,"  by  Allen  Chamberlain. 

The  dues  of  the  Club  are  $1.00  a  year;  the 
membership  exceeds  600.  There  are  several  sec- 
tions or  branches,  each  of  which  has  charge  of 
the  construction  and  maintenance  of  a  section  of 
the  Long  Trail. 

The  Burlington  Section  in  the  course  of  the 
year  holds  a  number  of  outings  in  the  vicinity  of 
Burlington,  and  conducts  two  or  three  trips  into 
the  mountains.  On  Washington's  Birthday,  each 
year  it  makes  a  trip,  either  to  Mount  Mansfield 
or  to  the  Couching  Lion. 

The  New  York  Section,  organized  in  1916,  has 
212  members.  It  conducts  many  half -day,  full- 
day,  and  week-end  outings  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
York  City,  and  an  occasional  excursion  to  the 
Green  Mountains.  During  the  year  1918-1919,  in 

[85] 


GOING          AFOOT 

addition  to  the  activities  indicated,  it  gave  three 
social  reunions  with  camp  fire  suppers,  four  illus- 
trated lectures,  conducted  a  pilgrimage  to  the 
home  of  John  Burroughs,  and  held  a  membership 
dinner  at  a  New  York  hotel. 

For  information  regarding  the  Long  Trail,  ad- 
vice about  shelters,  for  maps,  and  for  suggestions 
regarding  particular  hikes,  write  to  the  Corre- 
sponding Secretary,  6  Masonic  Temple,  Burling- 
ton, Vt, 

THE  AMERICAN  ALPINE  CLUB 

The  American  Alpine  Club  requires  the  highest 
qualifications  for  membership  of  any  walking 
club.  Its  one  hundred  members  come  from  all 
parts  of  the  country.  An  annual  dinner  is  given 
in  Boston,  New  York,  or  Philadelphia.  The  ad- 
dress of  the  secretary  is  2029  Q  St.,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

WALKING  CLUBS  OF  NEW  YORK 

Mr.  Albert  Handy  is  the  historian  of  the  walk- 
ing clubs  of  New  York,  and  his  account  of  them 
is,  with  his  generous  permission,  here  given.  It 
appeared  first  in  the  New  York  Evening  Post 
Saturday  Magazine,  for  May  6,  1916,  and  has 
been  revised  for  the  purposes  of  this  handbook. 

"The  first  walking  club  in  America  of  which 
any  record  is  found  was  the  little  Alpine  Club 
organized  by  some  of  the  professors  at  Williams- 
town,  Mass.,  which  came  into  being  about  1863 
and  went  out  of  being  a  few  years  later.  But 
before  its  demise  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  E.  Buer- 
meyer  and  William  B.  (better  known  as  'Father 
BilF)  Curtiss  had  formed  the  habit  of  exploring 
the  wilds  of  Staten  Island  or  the  highlands  of  the 

[86] 


CLUBS          IN          AMERICA 

Hudson — there  were  no  developments  then,  and 
it  was  a  wilderness— K>n  Sundays.  'Father  Bill' 
Curtis  was  the  premier  athlete  of  America  and 
the  founder  of  the  New  York  Athletic  Club.  Mrs. 
Buermeyer  was  one  of  the  first  women  to  ride  a 
bicycle  in  this  country,  and  Mr.  Buermeyer  was 
a  noted  swimmer. 

"This  little  group  constituted  the  beginnings  of 
the  Fresh  Air  Club,  which  is  today  the  oldest 
walking  club  in  New  York,  and  which  can  alone 
contest  the  claim  of  the  Appalachian  Mountain 
Club  to  the  premiership  of  the  United  States. 
Shortly  after  its  foundation  the  winged-foot 
organization  sent  a  score  of  its  members  on  these 
walks  and  Mrs.  Buermeyer  dropped  out.  Later 
some  members  of  the  old  American  Athletic  Club, 
in  conjunction  with  others  from  the  Manhattan 
Athletic  Club,  developed  a  walking  cult,  and  for  a 
time  pedestrianism  seemed  destined  to  become  a 
popular  pastime.  In  this  group  was  E.  Berry 
Wall,  whose  name  is  associated  with  dancing 
rather  than  athletics  in  the  minds  of  the  ma- 
jority of  New  Yorkers. 

"Then  interest  diminished  gradually  until  each 
organization  furnished  but  a  negligible  number 
of  walkers.  Followed  something  in  the  nature  of 
a  renaissance,  the  two  groups  consolidated,  and 
the  present  Fresh  Air  Club  came  into  being. 

"In  the  early  eighties  interest  in  athletics  in- 
creased, there  were  organized  baseball  clubs,  ten- 
nis clubs,  cricket  clubs,  but  for  a  long  period  the 
Fresh  Air  Club  was  the  only  organization  de- 
voted to  walking,  with  the  exception  of  the  West- 
chester  Walking  Club,  otherwise  known  as  the 
Westchester  Hare  and  Hounds  (whose  members 
were  recruited  from  the  then  prosperous  but 
long  since  defunct  Harlem  Athletic  Club),  which 
rose,  flourished,  and  decayed,  leaving  its  spirit 
and  traditions  to  be  carried  by  the  Fresh  Air 
Club,  which  in  February,  1890,  was  incorporated. 

[87] 


GOING          AFOOT 

"What  the  Appalachian  Mountain  Club  did  for 
New  Hampshire  the  Fresh  Air  Club  did  for  the 
country  within  a  fifty-mile  radius  of  New  York ; 
there  is  not  a  section  of  northern  New  Jersey,  or 
of  Rockland,  Westchester,  or  Orange  County, 
which  has  not  been  explored  by  some  of  its  mem- 
bers. On  Friday  of  each  week  during  the  tramp- 
ing season  'Father  Bill,'  who  was  official  path- 
finder, would  go  over  the  route  of  the  walk  pro- 
jected for  the  following  Sunday,  when  necessary 
blazing  a  trail,  so  that  the  party  might  proceed 
without  any  delay  or  casting  about  for  the  right 
road,  until  finally  the  paths  up  Storm  King,  Bear 
Mountain — there  wasn't  any  Interstate  Park 
then — Anthony's  Nose,  and  the  highlands  o'f  the 
Hudson  became  as  familiar  to  him  as  the  path 
to  his  own  door.  .  .  . 

"Today  the  Club  has  about  seventy-five  mem- 
bers, of  whom  some  forty  are  active.  Its  walking 
season  extends  from  October  to  December  and 
from  March  to  June,  and  walks  are  scheduled  for 
all  Sundays  and  holidays,  to  a  few  of  which  women 
friends  of  members  are  invited.  During  the  win- 
ter months  skating  excursions,  when  weather 
conditions  are  favorable,  are  substituted  for 
walking.  The  Fresh  Air  Club  does  not  seek  an 
increase  in  membership;  in  fact,  a  member  re- 
marked to  the  writer  that  it  did  not  desire  pub- 
licity or  even  a  considerable  amount  of  inquiry 
from  would-be  candidates  for  membership.  Its 
bulletin  states: 

"  That  its  constitution,  by-laws,  and  rules  have 
not  been,  and  will  not  be,  published;  that  it  ac- 
cepts no  members  who  are  not  good  cross- 
country walkers,  and  that  membership  can  be 
obtained  only  after  personal  acquaintance  and 
such  participation  in  the  excursions  of  the  Club 
as  is  needed  to  prove  the  candidate's  fitness  and 
ability.  .  .  .  Participation  by  non-members 
in  the  excursions  of  the  Club  is  by  invitation 
only/ 

[88] 


CLUBS          IN          AMERICA 

"As  a  veracious  chronicler  it  becomes  incumbent 
upon  me  to  here  set  down  that  during  its  long 
existence  of  nearly  half  a  century  it  has  exercised 
practically  no  influence  and  has  never  attained 
a  place  in  the  sun  as  a  constructive  factor  in  the 
encouragement  of  general  walking,  although  its 
object,  according  to  its  certificate  of  incorpora- 
tion, is  the  'encouragement  and  promotion  of  out- 
door sport  for  health  and  pleasure/ 

"The  year  1911  was  momentous  in  the  history 
of  walking.  Outdoor  life  was  enjoying  a  popular 
boom;  for  this  condition  the  motor  car  and  the 
country  club  were  in  large  measure  responsible. 
The  open-air  enthusiast  found  a  ready  hearing, 
his  preachments  falling  upon  fertile  ground.  In 
this  year  a  little  group  of  about  ten  walkers 
organized  the  Walkers'  Club  of  America,  and  al- 
most simultaneously  Charles  G.  Bullard,  of  the 
Appalachian  Mountain  Club,  established  a  New 
York  branch  of  that  organization,  the  member- 
ship being  drawn  principally  from  the  members 
of  the  Boston  Club  residing  in  or  near  this  city. 
Prominent  among  the  organizers  of  the  Walkers' 
Club  was  James  H.  Hocking,  one  of  the  most 
enthusiastic  pedestrians  in  this  country,  and  one 
who  believes  that  walking  will  cure  most  of  the 
ills  to  which  mind  and  body  are  heir.  This 
organization  was  opposed  to  hiding  its  light 
under  a  bushel;  its  conception  of  its  functions 
was  thoroughly  democratic;  its  primary  purpose 
was  to  induce  the  largest  number  of  people  pos- 
sible to  use  their  legs  in  the  way  that  God  in- 
tended that  they  should. 

"Now,  while  walking  could  scarcely  be  said  to 
be  attaining  widespread  popularity,  there  was  in 
the  ensuing  year  or  two  a  steady  growth  in  in- 
terest. A  walking  organization  was  formed  by 
some  of  the  members  of  the  Crescent  Athletic 
Club  in  conjunction  with  the  Union  League  Club, 
also  of  the  'city  of  homes  and  churches/  and  a 

[89] 


GOING          AFOOT 

programme  of  Sunday  walks  was  prepared.  But 
•it  was  in  1913  that  the  actual  recrudescence  in 
walking  occurred,  when  the  Evening  Post  and 
the  Times  gave  considerable  space  to  articles  on 
walking.  In  the  late  winter  of  that  year,  too, 
there  began  to  appear  inconspicuous  paragraphs 
on  the  sporting  pages  of  the  Monday  morning 
papers  to  the  effect  that  on  the  previous  day  mem- 
bers of  the  Walkers'  Club  had  hiked  from  City 
Hall  to  Coney  Island,  or  perhaps  from  St.  George 
to  New  Dorp  or  from  Columbus  Circle  to 
Hastings. 

"The  schedule  time  of  the  Coney  Island  walk, 
for  the  novice  squad,  to  be  completed  before 
noon,  was  about  two  hours  and  a  half.  And  the 
average  New  Yorker,  who  regards  a  long  sleep 
and  a  good  breakfast  on  Sunday  mornings  as  his 
inalienable  rights,  gazed  gloomily  at  these  items, 
and  then  turned  to  an  account  of  a  murder  or  a 
break  in  the  stockmarket,  anything  in  fact  radi- 
ating a  more  cheerful  influence.  Even  the  en- 
thusiastic golfer  sighed  to  himself  as  he  thanked 
God  that  he  was  not  as  some  other  man. 

"It  was  in  1913,  too,  that  the  Ladies'  Walking 
Club,  affiliated  with  the  Walkers'  Club  of  Amer- 
ica, was  organized,  but  it  has  never  had  many 
members  or  attained  any  marked  degree  of  pop- 
ularity. Prior,  however,  to  its  formation,  the 
Alumnae  Committee  on  Athletics  of  Barnard  Col- 
lege prepared  a  programme  of  intercollegiate 
outings  for  Saturdays,  Sundays,  and  holidays, 
which  included  several  pleasant  hikes;  and  these 
attracted  a  much  greater  number  of  participants 
than  did  the  events  of  the  Ladies'  Walking  Club. 

"Under  the  impetus  derived  from  the  Walkers' 
Club  several  of  the  evening  high  schools  formed 
pedestrian  organizations  which  turned  out  with 
the  parent  body.  One  of  the  morning  newspapers 
offered  century  medals,  which  seems  to  have  ma- 
terially stimulated  interest,  and  by  the  beginning 

[90] 


CLUBS          IN          AMERICA 

of  1915  there  were  six  or  eight  schools  that  sent 
out  their  squads  of  hikers  every  Sunday. 

"It  was  early  in  1915  that  the  Walkers'  Club, 
with  a  membership  of  over  two  hundred,  was 
incorporated.  Shortly  thereafter  a  schism  arose 
in  its  ranks,  which  resulted  in  the  birth  of  the 
American  Walkers'  Association.  At  a  meeting 
of  the  Walkers'  Club,  held  in  June,  seven  mem- 
bers withdrew.  Within  a  week  twelve  men  had 
formed  the  Walkers'  Association,  which  was  al- 
most immediately  incorporated.  Of  the  split  it 
may  be  said  that  it  was  deplorable,  and  beyond 
that  its  history  must  occupy  a  blank  page  in  the 
annals  of  American  walking. 

"The  Walkers'  Association  immediately  began 
an  aggressive  campaign  to  secure  members.  It 
adopted  a  small  emblem  which  the  majority  of 
the  one  hundred  and  twenty  men  on  its  rolls  wear. 
It  also  adopted  the  walking  associations  of  most 
of  the  evening  high  schools,  as  well  as  all  prom- 
ising material  which  it  could  discover.  Finally 
it  organized  a  women's  branch  with  a  schedule 
of  walks  of  its  own.  It  points  with  pride  to  a 
membership  of  over  135,  a  record  of  17,856  miles 
covered  by  members  on  its  hikes,  so  that  if  a 
message  had  been  relayed  it  might  have  crossed 
the  continent  five  times;  to  one  hike  on  which 
107  men  turned  out,  and  to  another — not  the 
same  hike — when  fifty  miles  was  covered  in  a 
day. 

"The  walks  of  the  Walkers'  Club  and  the 
Walkers'  Association  invariably  start  from  New 
York,  and  up  to  the  present  time  have  invariably 
been  along  the  high  roads  which  the  pedestrian 
must  share,  in  unequal  distribution,  with  the 
motorcar  and  other  vehicles.  A  speed  of  four  to 
six  miles  an  hour  is  maintained  and  the  walks 
vary  from  ten  to  fifty  miles  in  length.  The 
walkers  are  divided  into  squads,  graded  accord- 
ing to  speed  and  the  distance  to  be  covered.  The 

[911 


GOING          AFOOT 

hikes  of  the  Fresh  Air  Club,  on  the  other  hand, 
start  from  some  point  reached  by  train,  twenty 
to  forty  miles  from  New  York,  and  the  trail  leads 
through  the  woods  and  over  the  hills,  through 
streams  and  bogs  and  over  rocks  and  fallen  trees, 
with  an  occasional  stretch  of  road  as  an  incident 
to  the  walk. 

"Like  the  Walkers'  Club  it  has  a  schedule,  and 
where  the  going  is  good  a  speed  of  four  miles  or 
better  is  maintained.  The  walks  terminate  at  a 
railway  station  which  must  be  reached  before 
train  time.  The  Appalachians,  however, 
saunter,  they  rarely  exceed  ten  miles  on  their 
local  tramps,  they  proceed  leisurely  cross  coun- 
try, if  they  see  a  hill  that  appeals  to  them  they 
'climb  it  and  enjoy  the  view,  or  they  linger  on  the 
shores  of  some  lake.  The  Club  walks  are  all  held 
on  Saturday  afternoons  and  holidays,  Sunday 
walking  being  mildly  disapproved. 

"As  a  purely  constructive  factor  in  the  develop- 
ment of  pedestrianism  in  the  eastern  United 
States,  the  Walkers'  Club  and  Walkers'  Associa- 
tion probably  lead.  Other  clubs  have  conceived 
theories — ideals,  perhaps — these  organizations 
have  created  pedestrians.  Their  walking  season 
extends  from  the  21st  of  June  to  the  22nd  of  De- 
cember, and  from  the  22nd  of  December  to  the 
21st  of  June.  Both  clubs  have  trained  people  to 
walk.  An  officer  of  one  of  them  once  remarked 
to  the  writer  that  fifty  per  cent  of  the  members 
did  not  know  how  to  use  their  legs. 

"The  Walkers'  Club  has  to  its  credit  an  extended 
list  of  activities.  It  fathered  the  evening  high 
schools'  walking  movement;  it  inaugurated  a 
campaign  of  publicity ;  it  has  through  Pathfinder 
Hocking  planned  walks  of  from  one  day  to  one 
week  for  individuals  and  groups;  it  has  done 
much  to  raise  pedestrianism  from  its  low  estate 
to  an  equality  with  other  sports  and  the  end  is  not 
yet.  'Hocking/  said  a  member  of  a  rival  organ- 

[92] 


CLUBS          IN          AMERICA 

ization,  'has  done  more  for  walking  than  any 
other  man  in  America,  but — '  and  the  regt  of  the 
sentence  I  have  transferred  to  that  unpublished 
page  in  the  annals  of  walking  on  which  the  re- 
cording secretary  spilled  his  ink. 

"A  few  years  ago  the  Walkers'  Association 
mapped  out  a  most  elaborate  program.  With  the 
consummation  of  its  plans,  however,  the  war  ma- 
terially interfered.  It  was  intended  to  create  a 
large  number  of  walking  squads.  There  was  to 
be  a  squad  for  the  'tired  business  man' — that 
variety  of  the  genus  homo  of  whom  we  read 
much  and  whom  we  never  see;  a  cross-country 
squad,  which  would  take  tramps  similar  to  the 
hikes  of  the  Fresh  Air  Club;  an  afternoon  squad 
for  the  man  who  desired  to  spend  his  Sunday 
mornings  in  dreams ;  and  any  other  kind  of  squad 
that  anyone  might  desire  to  suggest. 

"It  planned  the  establishment  of  affiliated  clubs 
in  other  cities,  and  ultimately  an  organization 
which  would  in  some  respects  resemble  the  Wan- 
dervogel,  the  great  national  pedestrian  body  of 
Germany.  At  the  present  time  it  has  a  prosper- 
ous branch  at  Cleveland  with  a  membership  in 
excess  of  five  hundred. 

"In  the  meantime,  before  a  consummation  of 
their  more  ambitious  plans  can  be  hoped  for, 
much  less  realized,  it  were  well  if  a  federation 
of  all  the  walking  clubs  in  New  York  was  per- 
fected, with  a  common  headquarters,  where  maps 
and  data  of  much  value  might  be  made  available 
to  all  hikers,  and  where  frequent  gatherings 
might  be  held  for  the  interchange  of  ideas  and 
experiences.  And  to  the  attainment  of  this  ob- 
ject the  Walkers'  Association  may  well  address 
itself." 

WANDERLUST 

"Wanderlust"  is  the  appellative  under  which 
Saturday  afternoon  walks  in  the  vicinity  of  Phil- 
adelphia are  organized.  They  have  been  con- 

[93] 


GOING          AFOOT 

ducted  for  now  ten  years.  Schedules  of  walks 
are  published  quarterly  in  advance,  and  the  leaf- 
lets bear  this  advertisement : 

"These  walks  are  arranged  for  the  general 
public.  There  are  no  fees,  dues  nor  other  re- 
quirements. Everyone  is  welcome,  on  one  walk 
or  all.  All  that  is  necessary  is  to  be  at  the  start- 
ing place  at  the  time  appointed.  The  only  cost 
is  that  of  carfare.  The  walks  are  all  about  five 
miles,  and  often  include  some  points  of  interest, 
although  no  special  effort  is  made  by  the  leaders 
toward  that  aim.  No  fast  walking  is  done,  as 
,new  people  come  each  week,  and  might  not  be 
able  to  keep  up.  The  whole  aim  of  the  walks  is 
to  get  people  out  into  the  open,  to  learn  how  even 
a  simple  exercise  like  walking  can  mean  strength 
and  health  for  those  who  seek  it,  and  pleasure 
for  all.  .  .  Copies  [of  this  announcement] 
will  be  mailed  only  to  those  who  send  a  stamped, 
addressed  envelope  to  any  active  member  of  the 
Committee,  or  to  the  Secretary." 

1     The  secretary  (address  351  East  Chelton  Ave- 
nue, Germantown,  Pa.)  writes  (June  13,  1919) : 

"The  Wanderlust  goes  on  about  the  same  as  it 
has  done  since  1910,  though  our  numbers  have 
been  much  smaller  during  and  since  the  war. 
So  many  of  our  followers  were  engaged  in  war 
Work,  or  working  overtime,  that  we  noticed  their 
absence  very  much.  For  many  years  our  aver- 
age was  about  fifty,  but  for  the  past  two  years 
it  has  been  around  thirty. 

"We  have  two  classes  of  walkers,  the  regulars, 
many  of  whom  have  been  along  from  the  start, 
and  the  irregulars,  who  come  from  one  to  a 
$ozen  times,  and  seem  to  drop  away  for  no  reason 
we  can  learn.  Many  people  come  once  and  never 
again,  probably  disappointed  to  find  the  walkers 
a  happy  lot,  who  apparently  need  little  to  satisfy 
them.  That  conclusion  we  arrived  at  after  hear- 

[94] 


CLUBS          IN          AMERICA 

ing  their  remarks  on  many  occasions.  But  the 
critics  were  not  'hikers'  and  did  not  have  the 
spirit. 

"About  the  permanence  of  such  an  undertaking, 
I  can  only  say  that  I  feel  sure  we  have  lasted  so 
long  because  we  avoided  any  form  or  attempt  at 
organization,  and  kept  it  a  f  ree-f  or-all-come-once- 
or-always  outing  party. 

"We  profited  by  the  mistakes  of  some  other 
cities,  where  they  organized,  with  the  usual  fac- 
tional rivalry,  and  breaking-up  of  the  club,  and 
in  another  case,  the  growth  of  an  exclusive  club, 
shutting  out  many  who  could  not  afford  to  con- 
tinue. So  we  have  fought  all  attempts  (on  the 
part  of  a  few)  to  organize  in  any  way.  Of  course 
that  means  that  someone  must  head  the  commit- 
tee and  volunteer  to  be  the  secretary  or  chairman. 
Being  an  assistant  to  the  Director  of  Physical 
Education,  I  was  asked  to  take  charge  of  the 
Wanderlust  about  eight  years  ago  and  am  still  a 
willing  secretary,  and  believe  that  by  keeping  the 
hike  under  the  Department  we  are  keeping  it 
from  breaking  up  or  changing  into  a  less  desira- 
ble form.  Our  aim  is  to  give  an  opportunity  to 
grown  people  to  get  some  of  the  physical  training 
and  efficiency  that  the  school  children  get  in  our 
schools,  and  at  the  same  time  to  encourage  out- 
door 'play'  for  young  and  old. 

"Unfortunately  this  year  our  Board  felt  unable 
to  bear  the  small  expense  necessary,  so  we  are 
charging  a  small  sum  for  the  announcements  and 
so  far  have  been  able  to  be  self-supporting.  But 
it  is  not  in  keeping  with  pur  'free'  policy,  and 
we  hope  soon  to  do  away  with  the  charges,  small 
as  they  are." 

THE  PITTSBURGH  HEALTH  CLUB 

This  organization,  now  fifteen  years  old,  con- 
ducts weekly  walks.  The  secretary's  address  is 
249  Martsolf  Ave.,  Pittsurgh,  Pa. 

[95] 


GOING          AFOOT 

THE  PRAIRIE  CLUB 

The  Prairie  Club,  of  Chicago,  was  organized  in 
1908  by  a  committee  of  the  Playground  Associa- 
tion of  Chicago  as  "Saturday  Afternoon  Walks." 
It  was  incorporated  in  1911  as  "The  Prairie 
Club."  The  objects  of  the  club  are:  "The  pro- 
motion of  outdoor  recreation  in  the  form  of 
walks  and  outings,  camping,  and  canoeing;  the 
encouragement  of  the  love  of  nature  and  the  dis- 
semination of  knowledge  of  the  attractions  of  the 
country  adjacent  to  the  city  of  Chicago  and  of 
the  Central  West;  and  the  preservation  of  those 
regions  in  which  such  outdoor  recreation  may  be 
pursued."  There  are  three  kinds  of  member- 
ships: active,  associate,  and  honorary.  The  in- 
itiation fee  for  active  membership  is  $2.00,  and 
the  annual  dues  are  $2.00.  The  club  maintains  a 
Beach  House  and  Camp,  situated  in  the  heart  of 
the  Indiana  dunes,  on  the  south  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan,  47  miles  from  Chicago,  the  privileges 
of  which  are  available  to  active  members  of  the 
club  and  their  guests.  The  club  also  publishes 
an  attractive  monthly  bulletin.  During  the  year 
1918  the  club  conducted  42  Saturday  afternoon 
walks,  8  all-day  walks,  4  week-end  outings,  and  1 
extended  outing.  Up  to  March,  1919,  the  club 
reported  645  active  members. 

THE  SIERRA  CLUB 

The  Sierra  Club,  of  San  Francisco,  California, 
is  the  largest  of  American  pedestrian  clubs,  with 
a  membership  of  more  than  2,000.  It  was  founded 
in  1892,  £nd  was  further  distinguished  in  having 
as  its  president,  until  his  death  (in  1914),  John 
Muir.  Its  purposes  are  defined  in  these  words : 

"To  explore,  enjoy,  and  render  accessible  the 

[96] 


CLUBS          IN          AMERICA 

mountain  regions  of  the  Pacific  Coast ;  to  publish 
authentic  information  concerning  them ;  to  enlist 
the  support  and  cooperation  of  the  people  and  the 
Government  in  preserving  the  forests  and  other 
natural  features  of  the  Sierra  Nevada," 

The  annual  dues  of  the  Club  are  $3  (for  the 
first  year,  $5).  The  club  headquarters  are  at 
402  Mills  Building,  San  Francisco.  A  Southern 
California  Section  of  the  Club  exists,  and  advice 
concerning  it  may  be  had  of  its  chairman,  address 
315  West  Third  Street,  Los  Angeles. 

THE  MOUNTAINEERS 

The  following  note  has  been  furnished  by  the 
secretary  of  the  organization: 

"To  explore  and  study  the  mountains,  forests, 
and  water  courses  of  the  Northwest;  to  gather 
into  permanent  form  the  history  and  traditions 
of  this  region ;  to  preserve,  by  protective  legisla- 
tion or  otherwise,  the  natural  beauty  of  north- 
western America ;  to  make  expeditions  into  these 
regions  in  fulfilment  of  the  above  purposes;  to 
encourage  a  spirit  of  good-fellowship  among  all 
lovers  of  outdoor  life — these  were  the  avowed 
purposes  for  which  a  group  of  nature  lovers  met 
in  Seattle  in  January,  1907,  and  organized  The 
Mountaineers.  Since  then,  the  membership  has 
expanded  to  over  half  a  thousand,  and  knows  no 
geographical  bounds.  Nearly  a  hundred  men  and 
women  contributed  themselves  in  the  recent  war, 
while  those  at  home  rendered  active  service  in 
collecting  sphagnum  moss,  making  surgical  dress- 
ings, and  otherwise  trying  to  do  their  part. 
Branches  have  been  organized,  property  acquired, 
permanent  funds  established,  and  the  Club  has 
now  become  one  of  the  worthwhile  organizations 
of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

"Summer  outings  and  the  snowshoe  trip  to 
Mt.  Rainier  with  which  the  Club  welcomes  in  each 

[97] 


GOING          AFOOT 

new  year  are  the  most  striking  of  its  activities. 
For  three  weeks  each  summer  a  hobnailed,  khaki- 
clad  party  of  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  men  and 
women  enjoy  a  well  planned  hike  into  some  moun- 
tainous region,  and  usually  climb  some  famous 
peak.  Mt.  Rainier,  Mt.  Adams,  Mt.  Olympus, 
Glacier  Peak,  Mt.  Stewart,  Mt.  St.  Helens,  and 
many  others  have  been  climbed  once  or  more. 
Glacier  National  Park,  as  well  as  our  own  Monte 
Cristo  region,  has  also  been  visited. 

"With  pack  trains,  hired  packers,  and  profes- 
sional cooks  along,  little  of  the  unpleasant  work 
of  camping  falls  on  the  members,  yet,  with  each 
individual's  dunnage  limited  to  thirty-five  pounds, 
and  with  frequent  shifting  of  camps  and  plenty 
of  snow  and  rock  work,  genuine  outing  experi- 
ence is  afforded.  The  leadership  is  wholly  by 
members,  and  every  precaution  is  taken  for  the 
safety  of  the  party. 

"The  snowshoe  trip  to  Mt.  Rainier  in  midwin- 
ter must  be  taken  to  be  comprehended.  Paradise 
Valley  in  summer  is  brilliant  with  its  mountain 
flowers,  but  in  winter  it  is  enchantingly  somber 
with  its  deep-laid  snow,  through  which  emerge 
the  conical  trees  with  their  symmetry  of  droop- 
ing branches  peculiar  to  the  snow-laden  conifers. 
Snowshoeing,  skiing,  tobogganing,  and  climbing 
afford  ample  exercise,  while  the  hotel  (usually 
approached  through  a  snow  tunnel)  with  its  com- 
fortable beds  and  provisions  brought  up  in  sum- 
mer time,  relieves  the  party  of  the  usual  hard- 
ships of  winter  trips.  In  the  evenings,  before 
the  big  fireplaces,  vaudeville  performances,  cir- 
cuses, and  other  entertainments  rival  similar  af- 
fairs held  in  the  evenings  of  the  summer  outings. 

"Winter  and  summer  trips  are  taken  to  Sno- 
qualmie  Lodge,  a  large  log  structure  built  by  the 
Club  near  the  backbone  of  the  Cascade  Range, 
but  easily  accessible  both  to  railroad  and  high- 
way, as  well  as  to  rugged  mountains  like  Chair 
Peak  and  Silver  Tip. 

[981 


CLUBS          IN          AMERICA 

"A  wholly  different  region  may  be  enjoyed  at 
the  Club's  Rhododendron  Park,  a  large  area 
across  Puget  Sound,  brilliant  each  May  with  a 
profusion  of  the  white  and  pink  of  the  state 
flower.  The  Club  is  planning  the  construction 
of  a  cabin  in  the  mountains  near  Everett,  and 
also  one  near  Tacoma. 

"Lecturers  are  procured  for  monthly  meetings, 
a  collection  of  slides  maintained  of  the  mountains 
visited  by  the  Club,  botany  and  other  sciences 
pursued,  and  the  results  of  each  year's  activities 
summarized  in  an  annual  publication.  A  bulletin 
is  also  published  forecasting  each  month's  activi- 
ties. 

"Beneficial  as  the  foregoing  may  be,  the  great- 
est service  to  the  greatest  number  is  afforded 
by  what  are  prosaically  known  as  'local  walks.' 
On  each  of  two  or  three  Sundays  of  the  month 
a  committee  in  charge  has  carefully  planned  a 
hike  of  from  eight  to  twenty  miles  by  road,  trail, 
or  beach.  As  many  as  two  hundred  persons  have 
sometimes  gone  on  one  of  these  trips.  Stenog- 
raphers, teachers,  clerks,  professors,  nurses, 
lawyers,  doctors,  men  and  women,  are  taken  from 
the  cramped  atmosphere  of  offices,  schoolrooms, 
and  hospitals  out  into  the  freedom  of  the  wild,  to 
breathe  the  fresh  sea  air,  and  to  acquire  that 
physical  health  and  hearty  mien  which  are  such 
stimulants  to  the  growth  of  character." 

The  secretary's  address  is  402  Burke  Building, 
Seattle,  Washington. 

Other  western  mountaineering  clubs  are  the 
Mazamas,  of  Oregon,  headquarters,  Suite  213-214 
Northwestern  Bank  Building,  Portland;  and  the 
Colorado  Mountain  Club. 

ASSOCIATED  MOUNTAINEERING  CLUBS  OF  NORTH 
AMERICA 

The  Associated  Mountaineering  Clubs  of  North 
[99] 


GOING          AFOOT 

America,  an  organization  effected  in  1916,  char- 
acterizes itself  as  a  Bureau.  It  has  brought  into 
association  thirty-one  clubs  and  societies,  having 
an  aggregate  membership  of  62,000.  A  list  of 
these  follows: 

American  Alpine  Club,  Philadelphia  and  New 
York. 

American  Forestry  Association,  Washington. 

American  Game  Protective  Association,  New 
York. 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New 
York. 

Adirondack  Camp  and  Trail  Club,  Lake  Placid 
Club,  N.  Y. 

Appalachian  Mountain  Club,  Boston  and  New 
York. 

Bopne  and  Crockett  Club,  New  York. 

British  Columbia  Mountaineering  Club,  Van- 
couver. 

Colorado  Mountain  Club,  Denver. 

Dominion  Parks  Branch,  Department  of  the 
Interior,  Ottawa. 

Field  and  Forest  Club,  Boston. 

Forest  Service,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture,  Wash- 
ington. 

Fresh  Air  Club,  New  York. 

Geographic  Society  of  Chicago. 

Geographical  Society  of  Philadelphia. 

Green  Mountain  Club,  Rutland,  Vermont. 

Hawaiian  Trail  and  Mountain  Club,  Honolulu. 

Klahhane  Club,  Port  Angeles,  Washington. 

Mazamas,  Portland,  Oregon. 

Mountaineers,  Seattle  and  Tacoma. 

National  Association  of  Audubon  Societies, 
New  York. 

National  Parks  Association,  Washington. 

National  Park  Service,  U.  S.  Dept.  Interior, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

New  York  Zoological  Society,  New  York. 

Prairie  Club,  Chicago. 

[100] 


CLUBS          IN          AM   E  y.  T  C  A 

Rocky  Mountain  Climbers  Club,  Boulder,  Colo- 
rado. 

Sagebrush  and  Pine  Club,  Yakima,  Wash- 
ington. 

Sierra  Club,  San  Francisco  and  Los  Angeles. 

Tramp  and  Trail  Club,  New  York. 

Travel  Club  of  America,  New  York. 

Wild  Flower  Preservation  Society  of  America, 
New  York. 

The  Bulletin  of  the  Bureau,  published  in  May, 
1919,  states: 

"Associated  by  common  aims  these  clubs  and 
societies  are  standing  for  the  protection  and  de- 
velopment of  scenic  regions,  and  for  the  preser- 
vation of  tree,  flower,  bird,  and  animal  life.  We 
encourage  the  creation,  development,  and  protec- 
tion of  National  Parks,  Monuments,  and  Forest 
Reserves,  and  our  members  are  being  educated 
by  literature  and  lectures  to  a  deeper  apprecia- 
tion of  our  natural  wonders  and  resources. 

"During  the  past  year  the  Bureau  has  con- 
tinued to  send  to  its  members  many  books  on 
mountaineering  and  outdoor  subjects.  The  col- 
lection of  mountain  literature  and  photographs 
in  the  New  York  Public  Library,  476  Fifth  Ave- 
nue, has  been  increased.  The  Library  has  pub- 
lished a  selected  Bibliography  of  Mountaineering 
Literature,  which  was  compiled  by  the  librarian 
of  the  American  Alpine  Club,  and  expects  to  issue 
a  similar  list  of  the  literature  of  Wild-life  Pro- 
tection. .  .  .  The  secretary  has  written  and 
has  published  a  series  of  articles  on  little-known 
scenic  regions  of  North  America,  and  he  is  lec- 
turing before  leading  clubs  and  societies  on  The 
National  Wonders  of  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada. .  .  . 

"Lantern  slides  may  be  borrowed  by  members 
of  the  Association  on  application." 

Note  is  made  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Interna- 
tional Congress  of  Alpinists,  which  is  to  be  held 

[101] 


, ,•&  '«o«  t-*r.-  •&<      ^  FOOT 

at  Monaco,  May  10  to  16,  1920.  Relationships 
with  the  several  organizations  which  have  to  do 
with  the  care  of  and  development  of  the  national 
parks  are  explained.  A  directory  of  the  con- 
stituent organizations  is  given. 

The  secretary  is  Mr.  LeRoy  Jeffers,  476  Fifth 
Avenue,  New  York  City* 


[102] 


ORGANIZATION    AND    CONDUCT    OF 
WALKING    CLUBS 


OVERFLOW 

Hush! 

With  sudden  gush 

As  from  a  fountain,  sings  in  yonder  bush 
The  Hermit  Thrush. 

Hark! 

Did  ever  Lark 

With  swifter  scintillations  fling  the  spark 
That  fires  the  dark? 

Again, 

Like  April  rain 

Of  mist  and  sunshine  mingled,  moves  the  strain 
O'er  hill  and  plain. 

Strong 

As  love,  O  Song, 

In  flame  or  torrent  sweep  through  Life  along, 
O'er  grief  and  wrong. 

John  Banister  Tabb. 


ORGANIZATION  AND  CONDUCT  OF 
WALKING  CLUBS 

Those  who  live  reasonably  near  the  home  or 
field  of  existing  clubs  are  urged  to  relate  them- 
selves to  them.  Don't  organize  hastily.  Be  sure, 
first,  of  two  things:  that  a  fair-sized  continuing 
membership  is  to  be  expected,  to  be  advantaged 
by  a  club;  and,  second,  that,  in  the  multiplicity 
of  already  existing  societies,  there  is  place  for 
another.  Remember  that  the  persons  who  will 
be  interested  and  whose  interest  and  support  are 
desired,  will  in  large  part  be  persons  already  giv- 
ing much  time  to  altruistic  activity.  Think  this 
matter  through,  taking  advice  of  persons  of  ex- 
perience and  judgment.  It  may  be  better,  in  a 
given  case,  to  widen  the  activities  of  some  exist- 
ing organization — canoe  club,  perhaps,  or  Audu- 
bon  Society — than  to  form  a  new  one.  Pedestrian- 
ism  may  well  have  place  in  the  program  of  school, 
Y.  M.  C.  A.,  or  Boy  Scout  Troop.  But  of  this 
something  will  be  said  in  the  sequel.  In  a  city, 
however,  a  walking  club  may  well  stand  on  its 
own  feet;  and,  in  such  a  favored  region  as  the 
Green  Mountains,  for  example,  to  organize  a 
walking  club  comes  near  to  being  a  public  duty. 


THE  ACTIVITIES  OF  A  WALKING  CLUB 

Before  opening  a  discussion  of  the  formalities 
of  organization,  it  will  be  well  to  consider  what 
the  normal  activities  of  a  walking  club  are;  for 
to  the  end  in  view  the  machinery  of  organization, 
simple  or  complex,  should  be  adapted.  The  activ- 

[1051 


GOING  AFOOT 

ities  of  a  club  may  be  regarded  as  of  two  sorts, 
and,  in  lieu  of  better  terms,  may  be  designated 
as  primary  and  secondary.  Primary  activities 
concern  the  actual  business  of  walking:  develop- 
ment of  the  pedestrian  resources  of  some  partic- 
ular region,  trail  making,  map  making,  publish- 
ing of  data,  maintaining  a  bureau,  conducting 
hikes,  affording  instruction,  and  contributing 
seriously  to  the  growing  literature  of  pedestrian- 
ism.  Secondary  activities  consist  in  conducting 
dinners  and  other  social  entertainment,  in  pro- 
viding illustrated  lectures  on  travel,  popular  sci- 
ence, and  kindred  subjects.  There  is  need  of 
care,  to  keep  such  activities  in  their  proper  sec- 
ondary place.  The  primary  activities  require 
further  consideration. 

Development  of  the  Pedestrian  Resources  of 
Some  Particular  Region 

This  should  be  an  aim  of  every  walking  club. 
The  region  to  be  developed  will  in  many — in  most 
cases,  indeed — be  the  region  about  home.  Clubs 
in  large  cities,  however,  and  clubs  situated  in 
regions  not  suitable  for  walking,  may  well  turn 
attention,  wholly  or  in  part,  to  regions  far  from 
home.  The  mountainous  parts  of  a  continent  are 
the  natural  recreation  grounds  for  the  whole 
people,  and  those  who  live  far  away  may  still 
have  their  proper  share  in  making  these  parts 
more  readily  available.  In  the  Alps,  the  pedes- 
trian is  pleased  to  find  the  lodges  where  he  stops 
at  night  called  by  the  names  of  distant  cities, 
whose  citizens  maintain  them — Breslauerhiitte, 
for  example,  or  Dusseldorferhiltte.  In  this  coun- 
try, too,  the  Green  Mountain  Club  (see  page  84) 
has  its  New  York  Section ;  and  to  the  New  York 
Section  it  has  allotted  a  certain  portion  of  the 
Long  Trail  (a  length  of  fifty  miles).  The  New 

[1061 


ORGANIZATION 

York  club,  accordingly,  while  not  neglectful  of 
pedestrianism  at  home,  opens,  develops,  and 
maintains  its  part  of  the  route  in  Vermont,  and 
conducts  annually  a  hike  in  that  region. 

The  development  of  a  region  involves  observa- 
tion and  putting  into  communicable  form  the  re- 
sults of  observation,  and  it  may  and  ordinarily 
does  involve  further  a  greater  or  less  amount  of 
physical  preparation.  First  of  all,  the  region 
must  be  traversed,  and  that  again  and  again, 
under  varying  conditions  of  season  and  climate, 
and  thus  thoroughly  known.  Maps,  if  available, 
must  be  carefully  studied,  and  particular  atten- 
tion must  be  given  to  distances,  steepness  of 
roads,  and  to  the  nature  of  the  footing — whether 
the  way  be  rough  or  smooth,  hard  or  soft,  wet 
or  dry.  Note  should  be  made  of  obstructions, 
such  as  briars,  fallen  trees,  and  unbridged 
streams.  The  possibility  of  using  railways  and 
trolley  lines  to  widen  the  available  area  should 
not  be  forgotten.  Hotels  should  be  noted,  and 
restaurants,  and  farmhouses,  where  rest  and  re- 
freshment may  be  had;  and,  in  the  wilderness, 
camp  sites  should  be  selected. 

Observation  should  next  be  directed  to  such 
natural  resources  as  may  engage  the  attention 
and  interest  of  the  pedestrian :  scenery,  of  course, 
hilltops,  waterfalls,  and  such  matters;  then  to 
plant  and  animal  life,  and  that  with  the  interests 
of  sportsmen  and  lovers  of  natural  science  partic- 
ularly in  mind.  Attention  should  be  given  to 
geology  and  to  mineral  deposits.  Then  the  his- 
tory of  the  region  should  be  studied,  its  tradi- 
tions learned,  and  its  monuments  considered — 
distinctive  and  characteristic  matters  touching 
the  life  of  the  people,  industries,  factories,  pub- 
lic works,  and  buildings. 

[107] 


GOING          AFOOT 

All  of  these  matters  should  be  taken  into  ac- 
count, with  a  view  to  making  the  results  of 
observation  and  study  generally  available. 

Trail  Making 

"Of  trail  making  there  are  three  stages.  There 
is  dreaming  the  trail,  there  is  prospecting  the 
trail,  there  is  making  the  trail.  Of  the  first  one 
can  say  nothing — dreams  are  fragile,  intangible. 
Prospecting  the  trail — there  lies  perhaps  the 
greatest  of  the  joys  of  trail  work.  It  has  a  sug- 
gestion of  the  thrill  of  exploration.  No  one  of 
us  but  loves  still  to  play  explorer.  And  here 
there  is  just  a  bit  of  the  real  thing  to  keep  the 
play  going.  Picking  the  trail  route  over  forested 
ridges  calls  for  every  bit  of  the  skill  gained  in 
our  years  of  tramping.  There  is  never  time  to 
go  it  slow,  to  explore  every  possibility.  Usually 
there  is  one  hasty  day  to  lay  out  the  line  for  a 
week's  work.  For  a  basis  there  is  the  look  of 
the  region,  from  some  distant  point,  from  a  sum- 
mit climbed  last  year,  perhaps.  For  a  help,  there 
is  the  compass,  but  in  our  hill  country  we  use  it 
little.  Partly  we  go  by  imperfect  glimpses  from 
trees  climbed,  from  blow-down  edges,  from  small 
cliffs — but  chiefly  we  feel  the  run  of  the  land,  its 
lift  and  slope  and  direction.  The  string  from 
the  grocer's  cone  unwinds  behind — an  easy  way 
of  marking  and  readily  obliterated  when  we  go 
wrong.  We  pay  little  heed  to  small  difficulties, 
those  are  for  the  trail  makers  to  solve.  Only  a 
wide  blow-down,  a  bad  ledge,  a  mistake  in  gen- 
eral direction,  cause  us  to  double  back  a  bit  and 
start  afresh.  .  . 

"Making  trail  is  the  more  plodding  work;  yet 
has  reliefs  and  pleasures  of  its  own.  Each  day, 
as  the  gang  works  along  the  string  line,  problems 
of  detail  arise.  Ours  is  no  gang  of  uninterested 
hirelings.  If  the  line  makes  a  suspicious  bend, 
the  prospectors  have  to  explain  or  correct.  .  . 

[108] 


ORGANIZATION 

Decision  made,  the  gang  scatters  along  the  line, 
each  to  a  rod  or  two,  for  we  find  working  together 
is  not  efficient.1 " 

As  has  already  been  said,  a  club  ordinarily  will 
find  occasion  to  do  some  work  of  physical  prep- 
aration of  its  pedestrian  routes.  Highways  are 
ordinarily  beyond  control,  but  byways  are  not. 
The  opening  of  trails,  cutting  away  of  briars  and 
windfalls,  making  the  footing  sure  for  a  man 
under  a  pack,  the  building  of  footways  and  hand- 
rails in  dangerous  places,  the  cleaning  of  springs 
and  providing  water  basins  and  troughs,  the 
marking  of  trails — all  these  matters  are  such 
as  manifestly  should  engage  a  club's  energies. 

Trail  making  is  by  no  means  a  simple  matter. 
The  successful  trail-maker  (and  trails  should  be 
successfully  made)  must  be  expert  in  woodcraft ; 
he  must  understand  topography — the  "lay  of  the 
land";  he  must  know  from  what  side  to  ap- 
proach a  summit,  how  best  to  pass  a  valley — 
whether  to  go  around  or  through  it.  With 
knowledge  of  these  matters,  his  occupation  is  a 
most  interesting  one.  Irresponsible  and  unauthor- 
ized trail  making  should  be  discouraged. 

A  word  of  caution  is,  "Do,  but  don't  overdo." 
Particularly  is  this  word  of  caution  to  be  carried 
in  mind  in  the  matter  of  blazing  trails.  Let  the 
marks  be  sufficient,  and  no  more ;  let  them  be  as 
inconspicuous  as  is  consistent  with  their  purpose. 
In  marking  trails,  don't  blaze  trees,  nor  deface 
objects  of  interest  and  beauty.  The  best  trail 
mark  is  a  colored  arrow,  affixed  to  tree  trunk  or 
fence  post,  or  painted  on  a  rock  face.  Such  an 
arrow  may,  by  color,  position,  and  legends  dis- 
played upon  it,  afford  as  much  information  as 


lNathanicl   L.   Goodrich,   "The  Attractions   of  Trail    Making," 
in  Appalochia,  Vol  XIV,  No.  3,  page  247. 

[109] 


GOING          AFOOT 

may  be  desired,  about  route,  distance,  elevation, 
detours,  springs,  and  other  matters. 

Resting  places  may  be  built;  pavilions,  per- 
haps, in  the  woods,  where  walkers  may  have 
lunch  under  protection  from  rain.  Or,  when 
conditions  justify,  houses  may  be  built  and 
equipped,  to  afford  food  and  lodging.  In  this  con- 
nection, the  alpenhiltten  elsewhere  mentioned 
(page  106)  will  come  to  mind.  In  other  places, 
tents  may  be  erected  for  the  summer,  and  care- 
takers employed. 

In  case  a  club  has  under  its  care  a  wide  extent 
of  wilderness — as  has  the  New  York  Section  of 
the  Green  Mountain  Club,  for  example — a  ranger 
will  be  employed,  and  his  duties  will  include  the 
care  of  trails,  prevention  of  fires,  and  protection 
of  property.  He  may,  if  expedient,  be  constituted 
game  warden  also. 

"Some  of  us  have  been  blessed  of  the  Gods, 
permitted  to  make  trail  in  the  timberline  coun- 
try of  the  Mt.  Washington  range.  Everyone  who 
has  tried  it  is  unhappy  till  he  is  doing  it  again. 
That  is  why  there  are  so  many  trails  there.  I 
came  rather  late;  my  experience  in  that  fascinat- 
ing country  has  been  little  more  than  that  of 
the  common  or  idiotic  tramper,  scuttling  from 
hut  to  hut  on  schedule.  Always,  summer  or  win- 
ter, I  am  glad  to  be  starting  for  timberline,  and 
content  when  there.  When,  after  the  long  climb, 
I  suddenly  realize  that  the  trees  are  lowering 
fast,  that  underbrush  has  vanished,  that  a  sensa- 
tion of  altitude  and  space  is  pressing  for  con- 
scious recognition,  I  feel  a  lift  and  urge — timber- 
line  again! 

"And  what  is  timberline?  It  is  the  level  at 
which  the  mean  annual  temperature^— yes,  but  it 
is  the  sweep  of  vast  spaces,  the  drift  of  cloud- 
shadows,  the  infinite  gradations  of  distant  color. 

[110] 


ORGANIZATION 

It  is  the  hiss  of  wind  in  the  firs,  the  strain 
against  bitter  gusts,  the  keen  concentration  to 
hold  the  trail  through  dense  and  drifting  fog.  It 
is  the  plod  and  lift  under  the  pack,  the  crunch  of 
creepers,  the  slow  struggle  through  tangled 
scrubs.'" 

Map  Making 

Maps  of  unmapped  regions  should  be  prepared. 

Study  a  good  map — a  quadrangle  of  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  for  instance.  Note  what 
things  are  represented,  and  how  representation 
is  made:  study  the  map,  until  it  is  thoroughly 
understood. 

There  are  three  factors  with  which  the  map- 
maker  deals:  direction,  distance,  and  elevation. 
With  the  first,  he  must  always  reckon,  and  usu- 
ally with  the  second  and  the  third  as  well. 

Direction  is  fundamental.  Suppose  there  are 
three  dominant  points  in  the  area  to  be  mapped, 
relatively  situated  as  here  indicated. 


The  first  problem  is,  to  get  those  points  set 
down  on  paper  accurately,  in  proper  relative  posi- 
tions. 

The  map-maker  begins,  say,  at  B.  He  has  pro- 
vided himself  with  a  sketching  board,  having  a 

'Nathaniel  L.  Goodrich,  ubi  supra. 
[HI] 


GOING 


AFOOT 


sheet  of  paper  tacked  upon  it,  and  with  a  ruler 
and  a  pencil.  He  sets  his  board  up  and  carefully 
levels  it.  He  then  marks  upon  the  paper  a  point 
b  which  in  the  completed  map  is  to  indicate  this 
station  B  of  first  observation — the  point  where 
he  now  stands.  Knowing  in  a  general  way  the 
area  which  he  wishes  to  map,  and  observing  from 
his  station  the  directions  in  which  the  distant 
objects  A  and  C  lie,  he  so  places  point  b  that  his 
paper  will  afford  space  for  the  intended  map. 

The  map-maker  then  lays  his  ruler  upon  the 
paper,  brings  its  edge  close  to  point  6,  and  sight- 
ing from  point  b  on  the  paper  to  the  distant  ob- 
ject A,  turns  the  ruler  until  its  edge  coincides 
with  the  line  of  sight.  Then  he  draws  upon  the 
paper  a  line  or  "ray"  from  point  b  toward  object 
A*  In  like  manner  he  sets  his  ruler  again  and 
draws  a  second  ray,  from  6  toward  the  distant 
object  C,  thus: 


•c 


Having  fixed  point  b  and  drawn  the  two  rays 
b-A  and  b-C,  the  map-maker  leaves  station  B  and 
goes  to  either  of  the  other  points :  to  point  C,  say. 
He  there  sets  his  board  up  again,  and  levels  it 
carefully  as  before.  He  turns  the  board  until, 
sighting  along  the  previously  drawn  ray  C-6, 
the  now  distant  station  B  is  exactly  covered. 

[112] 


ORGANIZATION 

Then  he  lays  the  ruler  again  upon  the  paper, 
and  turns  it  until,  sighting  along  its  edge,  distant 
object  A  is  exactly  covered.  He  then  draws  a 
ray  along  the  edge  of  the  ruler  thus : 

A 


B 


The  points  a  and  c,  where  this  ray  intersects 
the  two  previously  drawn  rays,  are  the  present- 
ment of  the  points  A  and  C  in  the  area  under 
observation,  and  a  map  of  the  area  is  begun. 

These  three  points  may  be  mountain  summits, 
trees,  telegraph  poles,  chimneys,  or  any  other 
conspicuous  features  of  the  landscape,  and  they 
may  be  distant  one  from  another  50  miles  or  500 
yards;  they  are  set  down  on  paper  in  their  true 
relative  positions;  they  are  mapped. 

In  the  making  of  the  map  thus  far,  one  and 
only  one  of  the  three  factors  mentioned  above 
has  been  taken  into  the  reckoning:  the  factor 
of  direction,  namely;  and  the  resulting  map  is 
drawn  to  an  unknown  scale.  It  is  drawn  to  some 
scale,  of  course;  there  is  some  ratio  between  its 
distances  and  the  distances  at  which  the  objects 
stand  apart,  but  the  ratio  is  unknown.  It  may 
be  determined :  the  distance  from  B  to  C  may  be 
measured,  and  the  distance  b-c  on  the  map  may 
be  measured,  and  the  ratio  of  the  two  distances 
ascertained.  That  ratio  is  the  scale  to  which 

[113] 


GOING          AFOOT 

the  map  is  drawn.  Thus  the  second  factor,  that 
of  distance,  enters  in.  It  may  be  reckoned  with 
from  the  beginning. 

Suppose  the  two  points  B  and  C,  above  men- 
tioned, to  be  signal  towers  on  a  straight  stretch 
of  railway,  and  the  point  A  to  be  the  chimney 
of  a  house  standing  by  the  side  of  a  wagon  road 
which  crosses  the  railroad  at  C.  The  map-maker, 
having  at  B  set  down  the  data  described  above,  in 
proceeding  to  C,  paces  the  distance  from  B  to  C, 
and  finds  it  to  be,  e.g.,  3,500  feet.  He  has  prev- 
iously determined  what  the  scale  of  his  map  is  to 
be :  say,  1  inch  to  1000  feet.  He  then  carefully  lays 
off  on  ray  b-C  S1/^  inches  from  the  point  b,  and 
thus  he  fixes  point  c.  He  then  sets  up  his  draw- 
ing-board at  C;  but,  instead  of  shifting  the  ruler 
freely  upon  the  paper,  he  sights  from  point  c  to 
distant  object  A  and  brings  the  edge  of  the  ruler 
into  coincidence  with  the  line  of  sight.  He  draws 
along  the  edge  of  the  ruler  the  ray  c-A,  which, 
intersecting  the  previously  drawn  ray  b-A,  gives 
him  the  point  a. 

The  railroad  from  b  to  c  may  be  indicated  thus, 


and  the  highroad  from  c  to  a  represented  by  two 
closely  spaced  parallel  lines.  (The  conventional 
signs  for  various  features  of  topography  may  be 
found  on  the  back  of  a  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 
quadrangle.)  On  the  way  from  B  to  C  there  may 
be  a  bridge,  crossing  a  stream.  The  map-maker, 
pacing  the  distance,  will,  without  stopping  or  in- 
terrupting the  swing  of  his  stride,  note  the  num- 
ber of  paces  from  B  to  the  bridge,  as  well  as  from 
B  to  C.  He  will  then  have  the  figures,  and  can 
accurately  place  the  bridge  upon  his  map. 
He  now  has  a  map  of  a  length  of  railroad  and 

[114] 


ORGANIZATION 

of  a  length  of  intersecting  highway,  drawn  to 
the  known  scale  of  1"  =  1000'. 

And,  be  it  noted,  this  has  been  accomplished 
without  visiting  the  point  A  at  all. 

Suppose  now  there  be  a  haystack  D,  and  a  tree 
on  a  hilltop  E,  situated  with  respect  to  the  points 
already  considered  thus: 

A  .S 


•D 

B*  *C 

They  may  be  mapped  in  like  manner.  The 
map-maker  goes  successively  to  any  two  of  the 
three  points  A,  B,  and  C  from  which  the  object 
to  be  plotted  (D  or  E)  is  visible;  he  sets  his 
board  at  each  place,  levels  it,  and  turns  it  until 
the  ray  on  the  map  from  the  point  where  he 
stands  to  another  point  lies  directly  in  the  line  of 
sight  to  that  other  point  in  the  landscape.  Having 
so  oriented  his  board,  he  draws  at  his  successive 
stations  rays  in  the  direction  of  the  object  to  be 
mapped  (D  or  £7.)  The  point  d  or  e  where  those 
rays  intersect  will  be  the  mapped  location  of  the 
object. 

Proceeding  thus,  the  outstanding  features  of 
the  area  may  be  mapped,  one  after  another.  The 
intervening  details  may  be  filled  in,  freehand. 

It  will  have  been  remarked  that  only  very 
simple  apparatus  is  required  for  map  making: 
the  sketching  board  may  conveniently  be  mounted 
on  a  tripod,  with  provision  for  turning  it  evenly 
and  surely.  Boards  so  mounted  and  intended  for 
the  very  purpose  may  be  had  of  dealers  in  draf  ts- 

[1151 


GOING          AFOOT 

men's  and  surveyors'  supplies.  A  level  should  be 
provided,  for  use  in  setting  the  board  up.  The 
ruler  will  be  graduated  to  inches  and  fractions 
of  inches,  if  the  map  is  to  be  drawn  to  prede- 
termined scale.  In  pacing,  one  must  carefully 
count  his  strides.  A  pedometer  may  be  used, 
but  a  pedometer  is  a  sort  of  toy;  it  requires  to 
be  carefully  adjusted  to  the  stride  of  the  user, 
and  is  hardly  worth  while  for  any  purpose.  It 
may  be  convenient  in  pacing  to  use  a  tally 
register,  and  so  relieve  one's  self  of  the  necessity 
of  keeping  count. 

The  value  of  a  map  is  vitally  dependent  on  the 
accuracy  with  which  it  is  made.  Measurement 
and  observation  should  be  repeated,  and  errors 
eliminated  by  averaging  variant  readings. 

Nothing  has  yet  been  said  about  a  compass, 
and  a  compass,  though  not  necessary,  is  so  ser- 
viceable as  to  be  almost  indispensable.  With  a 
compass  one  can  not  only  do,  and  do  more  ex- 
peditiously,  what  has  thus  far  been  described; 
he  can  do  some  things  which  could  not  otherwise 
be  done. 

A  sketching  board  is  ordinarily  provided  with  a 
compass,  set  near  its  upper  margin,  and  bears  also 
an  orientation  line  passing  through  the  compass. 
The  board  is  set  up  and  leveled  and  then  turned 
until  the  orientation  line  coincides  with  the  line 
on  which  the  needle  points.  At  each  station  the 
board  is  oriented,  not  by  sighting  along  penciled 
rays,  but  always  in  the  manner  described,  by 
bringing  it  to  a  truly  north  and  south  position. 
In  other  respects,  the  plotting  is  performed  in 
the  manner  already  described. 

Orientation  by  compass  is  advantageous  in  this 
respect :  given  two  points,  as  a  and  6,  on  the  map, 
the  map-maker  may  plot  a  third  point,  as  D  for 

[116] 


ORGANIZATION 

example,  while  standing  at  D,  and  without  being 
obliged  to  go  either  to  A  or  to  B.  He  sets  up  his 
board  at  D,  levels  it,  and  orients  it;  he  sights 
and  draws  rays  through  points  a  and  6  in  line 
with  the  objects  A  and  B  as  they  appear  from 
his  point  of  observation,  D.  The  point  d  of  in- 
tersection of  the  rays  will  be  the  station  D 
plotted. 

A  north  and  south  line  may  be  drawn  upon 
the  map,  and  then  the  user,  wherever  he  may  be 
in  the  area,  if  only  he  has  in  view  two  known 
points  and  can  identify  them  on  the  map,  can 
"find"  himself.  He  orients  the  map  by  compass, 
fixes  upon  the  map  and  in  the  manner  indicated 
his  point  of  observation,  and  may  then  observe 
the  distance  and  direction  of  any  other  point  in 
the  area,  whether  visible  or  not. 

The  measurement  of  distance  by  pacing  has 
been  noted.  Practice  is  requisite,  before  one  can 
so  measure  distance  accurately.  When  the  great- 
est precision  is  desired,  a  bicycle  wheel  equipped 
with  a  cyclometer  may  be  rolled  over  the  course, 
or  a  surveyor's  chain  may  be  used,  or  even  a 
tape  line. 

The  measured  line  B-C  of  the  map  begun  as 
above  described  is  the  base  line  of  the  map.  It 
should  be  carefully  chosen,  carefully  measured, 
and  carefully  plotted ;  for  all  the  rest  of  the  map. 
will,  in  accuracy,  be  conditioned  on  the  accuracy 
with  which  this  base  line  is  drawn.  In  location 
it  is  preferably  (though  not  necessarily)  situ- 
ated near  the  center  of  the  area  to  be  mapped; 
in  length,  it  is  best  that  it  be  about  one  third 
of  the  distance  across  the  area.  Its  terminal 
points  should  be  conspicuously  marked,  and 
widely  visible  throughout  the  area ;  and,  for  ease 
and  accuracy  of  measurement,  it  should  lie  across 

[117] 


GOING          AFOOT 

level  ground.  A  reach  of  railroad  is  an  ideal 
base. 

It  will  often  be  the  case — generally  in  moun- 
tainous regions — that  an  adequate  level  base  can- 
not be  found;  the  terminals  B  and  C  may  be 
eminences  unequal  in  height,  and  between  may 
lie  mountain  slope  or  valley.  Now  the  third  of 
the  factors  mentioned  at  the  outset,  elevation, 
has  to  be  taken  into  account.  It  is  not  the  sur- 
face distance  between  the  two  points  B  and  C 
which  is  to  be  ascertained,  nor  even  the  distance 
from  one  point  to  the  other  on  an  air  line,  but 
the  distance  projected  upon  a  horizontal  plane — 
for  that  is  what  the  map  is  intended  to  afford, 
the  horizontal  distance  from  point  to  point.  In 
order  to  determine  this  distance,  if  the  ground 
between  be  other  than  substantially  level,  the 
distance  along  the  surface  must  be  measured 
(keeping  a  straight  course  by  compass  if  neces- 
sary) and  the  slope  from  point  to  point  must  be 
measured.  To  determine  the  angle  of  slope  one 
may  either  use  a  slope  board  or  a  clinometer  (an 
instrument  built  on  the  principle  of  the  sextant) . 
Having  measured  distance  and  angle  of  slope,  one 
may  betake  himself  to  schoolboy  trigonometry 
and  a  table  of  logarithms,  to  determine  the  corre- 
sponding distance  in  horizontal  plane. 

Contour  lines  (see  page  119)  pass  through 
points  of  equal  elevation,  and  are  spaced  apart 
according  to  a  predetermined  plan,  to  indicate 
intervals  in  elevation  of  five,  ten,  or  twenty  feet, 
as  may  be  desired.  This  predetermined  contour 
interval  has  no  necessary  relation  to  the  scale  to 
which  the  map  is  drawn.  Two  otherwise  identical 
maps  of  the  same  area  may  be  provided  with 
contour  lines,  one  at  the  interval  of  five  feet,  the 
other  at  the  interval  of  twenty-five. 

[  118  ] 


ORGANIZATION 

A  skilled  map-maker,  observing  a  slope,  is  able 
to  sketch  contour  lines,  freehand,  with  an  ac- 
curacy sufficient  for  most  purposes.  But  such 
skill  is  the  result  of  much  careful  measured 
work. 

In  plotting  contour  lines  it  is  best  to  work,  not 
from  line  to  line — errors  of  observation  then  ac- 
cumulate— but  to  measure  the  altitude  and  the 
mean  inclination  of  the  whole  mountain  side,  and 
go  from  the  over-all  measurements  to  the 
minutiae. 

In  drawing  the  contour  of  a  mountain,  rays 
may  be  laid  by  compass  from  the  summit  along 
ridges  and  through  valleys,  and  then  minute  ob- 
servations may  be  made  along  those  several  lines. 
The  sweep  of  the  contour  lines  between  the  points 
plotted  along  the  rays  may  be  filled  in  freehand, 
with  the  mountain  side  spread  in  view. 

The  data  necessary  for  contour  lines  may  be 
got  by  the  use  of  the  slope  board  alone ;  for,  mani- 
festly, at  any  certain  angle,  a  contour  interval 
of  ten  feet  means  a  certain  distance  between 
successive  contour  lines.  But  in  plotting  con- 
tour lines,  an  aneroid  is  invaluable;  with  it  one 
measures  directly  differences  in  elevation,  and 
measuring  thus  the  altitude  of  a  slope,  from  bot- 
tom to  top,  the  number  of  contour  lines  requisite 
may  immediately  be  known ;  it  remains  to  deter- 
mine their  distribution.  Here  observation,  cal- 
culation, and  experience  combine  to  afford  the 
result. 

An  aneroid  should  be  used  only  under  settled 
conditions  of  weather;  and,  even  so,  correction 
should  be  made,  when  possible,  by  taking  the 
average  of  many  readings  of  the  same  range. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  go  afield  with  sketching 
board  and  its  accessories.  A  map-maker  who  has 

[119] 


GOING          AFOOT 

taught  himself  a  well-regulated  stride  may,  when 
equipped  with  compass  and  notebook  (and,  if 
conditions  require  it,  with  an  aneroid) ,  collect  all 
the  necessary  data;  and  then,  subsequently,  at 
home  he  may  draw  his  map.  It  should  here  be 
said  that,  if  one  is  going  to  gather  data  for  map 
making  after  the  manner  just  suggested,  his 
compass  should  be  one  having  a  delicately 
mounted  needle.  It  may  advantageously  be 
equipped  with  sights,  and  the  scale  should  be 
reasonably  large  and  the  graduation  minute.  It 
should,  in  short,  be  a  surveyor's  compass. 

For  more  explicit  instruction,  the  reader  is 
referred  to  the  manuals  on  Military  Map  Mak- 
ing. One  by  Major  C.  0.  Sherrill,  published  by 
George  Banta  Publishing  Company  of  Menasha, 
Wisconsin,  is  excellent.  It  should,  however,  be 
remembered  that  the  ideal  military  map  is  one 
for  particular  needs,  of  maximum  accuracy, 
based  on  a  minimum  amount  of  observation; 
timesaving  is  an  important  factor.  Making 
proper  allowance,  the  military  manual  affords  all 
needed  instruction  and  advice. 

Publishing  of  data 

Descriptions  of  routes  should  be  prepared,  il- 
lustrated with  maps,  if  necessary,  and  should  be 
made  available  to  those  who  wish  to  use  them, 
whether  members  of  the  club,  visitors  from  a 
distance,  or  the  general  public.  For  a  club, 
rightly  conceived,  is,  within  its  sphere,  a  public 
benefactor,  and  its  policy  should  be  always  to 
enlarge  its  usefulness. 

A  proper  description  of  a  route  should  give, 
(1)  distances  from  start  to  finish,  as  well  as 
from  point  to  point  along  the  way;  (2)  approxi- 
mate time  requisite  to  walk  each  stage.  (Here 

[120] 


ORGANIZATION 

it  may  be  noted  that  Baedeker's  famous  guide- 
books err  on  the  safe  side,  and  give  very  liberal 
time  allowance  in  describing  walking  tours.) 
The  description  should  further  give  (3)  eleva- 
tions, where  range  in  elevation  is  appreciable, 
with  note  of  steep  ascents  and  descents;  (4)  the 
nature  of  the  surface;  (5)  stopping  places  for 
rest  and  refreshment  and  springs;  (6)  such  mat- 
ters of  caution  as  the  particular  route  may  re- 
quire, in  regard  to  dangerous  places,  heavy  roads, 
obstructions,  and  the  like;  (7)  objectives  and 
points  of  particular  interest.  Recommendations 
should  be  made  on  such  matters  as  preferred 
season,  special  equipment,  need  for  guides,  and 
incidental  expenses.  Descriptions  should  be  con- 
cise, easily  intelligible,  and  should  be  at  once 
accurate  and  inviting. 

A  handbook  of  routes  of  the  region  may  well 
be  prepared,  and  in  such  a  handbook  descrip- 
tions of  particular  walks  may  be  prefaced  by 
such  general  statements  regarding  topography, 
science,  history,  and  sport,  as  are  applicable  to 
the  whole  region.  Such  general  matters  may, 
however,  be  published  in  leaflet  form,  and  sep- 
arate leaflets  be  prepared  and  published  for  the 
several  pedestrian  routes  in  the  region. 

An  excellent  specimen  handbook  is  ^Excursions 
Around  Aix-les-Bains,"  mentioned  in  the  Bibli- 
ography (page  148). 

It  has  just  been  said  that  the  descriptions  of 
routes  should  be  published  and  distributed.  They 
may  be  printed  under  the  imprint  of  the  club,  or, 
more  economically,  they  may  be  published  in  the 
local  newspaper,  and  extra  copies,  separately 
printed  for  distribution  by  the  club,  may  be  pro- 
cured by  arrangement  with  the  printing  office. 
If  the  club  be  a  small  one  and  young,  and  the 

[121] 


GOING          AFOOT 

cost  of  printing  too  great,  at  least  typewritten 
copies  of  descriptive  matter  and  blue  prints  of 
maps  should  be  available. 

In  addition  to  such  descriptions  of  its  own 
region,  a  club  should  similarly  prepare  and  make 
available  other  routes  traversed  by  its  members 
in  other  and  undeveloped  regions. 

Maintaining  a  bureau 

A  club  should  have  a  place  where  its  data  are 
filed,  available  to  those  who  wish  to  consult  them. 
This  place  should  be  a  distributing  point  for  the 
club's  publications.  If  the  region  has  already 
been  mapped  by  the  Geological  Survey,  the  club 
should  lay  in  a  supply  of  the  quadrangles  cover- 
ing the  region,  sufficient  to  meet  the  needs  of 
applicants. 

A  library  should  be  maintained,  or  a  bibli- 
ography at  least,  to  which  the  members  of  the 
club  may  have  access,  to  acquaint  themselves  with 
all  that  concerns  the  art  of  walking,  the  choice 
of  route,  and  the  sources  of  enjoyment  along  the 
route  chosen.  Cooperation  in  this  regard  will 
readily  be  accorded  by  any  local  public  library  or 
museum  of  natural  history. 

In  such  manner  a  walking  club  becomes  a 
source  of  information  for  visiting  pedestrians. 
Out  of  the  wider  relationships  so  established  will 
come  increased  membership  and  livelier  interest. 
Incidentally,  it  will  have  become  apparent  to  one 
who  reads  these  pages  that  the  organization — 
though,  by  recommendation,  kept  as  simple  as 
possible — will,  in  an  early  stage  of  development, 
include  an  office  with  a  secretary  in  charge.  The 
library  may  be  conducted,  perhaps  in  the  secre- 
tary's office,  perhaps  in  the  rooms  of  a  general 
public  library.  Club  rooms  or  a  club  house  will 

[122] 


ORGANIZATION 

be  maintained   only   under   exceptional   circum- 
stances. 

Conducting  hikes. 

Hikes  will  be  of  two  or  three  sorts :  first,  after- 
noon hikes,  on  Saturdays  or  Sundays,  perhaps 
weekly  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  year, 
perhaps  at  less  frequent  intervals,  or  during 
spring  and  fall  only — such  matters  depend  on 
locality  and  circumstances.  Second,  there  will  be 
less  frequent  over-night  hikes — perhaps  two  or 
three  in  the  spring  and  as  many  more  in  the 
autumn.  And,  third,  there  will  be  the  annual 
tour  of  two  or  three  weeks'  duration,  in  a  chosen 
region.  Some  observations  applicable  to  all  these 
are  the  following: 

Rules  for  hiking 

Hikes  should  be  carefully  prepared  and  ade- 
quately carried  out. 

Don't  walk  in  a  herd;  to  do  so  is  tiresome; 
and,  when  the  novelty  is  gone,  failure  is  sure  to 
follow.  Divide  larger  companies  into  groups, 
each  group  numbering  preferably  not  more  than 
six. 

See  that  strong  and  feeble  walkers  are  not 
grouped  together. 

Bring  together,  so  far  as  may  be,  people 
of  common  interests — bird-lovers  in  one  group, 
geologists  in  another,  historians  or  antiquarians 
in  another. 

Let  there  be  a  leader  for  each  group. 

The  general  outline  of  the  trip,  in  case  the 
party  numbers  more  than  two,  should  be  deter- 
mined in  advance  and  adhered  to.  Otherwise, 
contradictory  suggestions  regarding  the  route  to 
be  followed  are  likely  to  arise,  and  argument  to 
follow.  This  is  to  be  avoided. 

[1231 


GOING          AFOOT 

The  leader  should  have  always  in  mind  the 
physical  endurance  of  the  weakest  member  of  his 
party  and  govern  accordingly.  One  tired  and 
querulous  person  may  be  a  kill-joy  for  all.  It  is 
not  necessary  that  every  group  traverse  the  same 
route,  nor  that  all  should  walk  at  equal  speed. 

Don't  allow  racing,  nor  loitering,  nor  too  much 
picnicking. 

In  traversing  highways  pedestrians  will  walk 
two  or  three  abreast;  but  when  walking  single 
file,  as  on  woodland  trails,  companions  will  walk 
most  comfortably  at  intervals  of  two  paces. 

Walkers  should  travel  quietly,  especially  when 
passing  through  villages. 

See  that  property  rights  are  respected;  there 
should  be  no  trespassing  on  forbidden  land. 

Guard  most  carefully  against  fire.  Mr.  Enos 
A.  Mills  says:8 

"Since  the  day  of  Tike's  Peak  or  bust,'  fires 
have  swept  over  more  than  half  of  the  primeval 
forest  area  of  Colorado.  Some  years  ago,  while 
making  special  efforts  to  prevent  forest  fires  from 
starting,  I  endeavored  to  find  out  the  cause  of 
these  fires.  I  regretfully  found  that  most  of 
them  were  the  result  of  carelessness,  and  I  also 
made  a  note  to  the  effect  that  there  are  few  worse 
things  to  be  guilty  of  than  carelessly  setting  fire 
to  a  forest.  Most  of  these  forest  fires  had  their 
origin  from  camp-fires  which  the  departing 
campers  had  left  unextinguished.  There  were 
sixteen  fires  in  one  summer,  which  I  attributed 
to  the  following  causes:  campers,  nine;  cigar, 
one;  lightning,  one;  locomotive,  one;  stockmen, 
two;  sheep-herders,  one;  and  sawmill,  one." 

See  to  it  that  proper  regard  is  had  for  public 
interest  and  welfare;  lunch  boxes,  paper,  and 
refuse  should  be  collected  and  destroyed;  springs 


•"Wild  Life  on  the  Rockies,"  page  209. 
[124] 


ORGANIZATION 

should  be  kept  scrupulously  clean;  the  gathering 
of  wild  flowers  should  be  indulged  in  sparingly ; 
plants  and  trees  should  not  be  mutilated;  nor 
monuments  defaced.  The  trail  should  be  left  un- 
marred,  for  those  who  follow. 

Do  not  permit  irresponsible  trail-blazing. 

Discourage  the  carrying  and  use  of  firearms; 
they  should  under  no  circumstances  be  permitted 
on  an  organized  hike. 

Do  not  permit  the  rolling  of  stones  down  de- 
clivities. 

On  the  conduct  of  mountaineering  parties,  Pro- 
fessor William  Morris  Davis  writes,  in  "Excur- 
sions around  Aix-les-Bains" : 

"Do  not  make  high  mountain  ascents  alone. 
.  .  .  Excursions  are  best  made  in  small 
parties  of  three  or  five.  If  a  large  party  sets  out, 
it  should  be  divided  into  squads  of  ten  or  fewer 
members.  Those  who  wish  to  make  the  excur- 
sion without  stopping  should  join  a  separate 
squad  from  those  who  wish  to  stop  frequently 
for  photographing  or  sketching. 

"Each  squad  should,  if  possible,  have  an  ex- 
perienced leader;  he  should  make  a  list  of  the 
members,  head  the  line  of  march  on  narrow 
$aths,  and  set  the  proper  pace,  slow  for  ascents, 
faster  for  descents;  a  shrill  whistle  will  aid  in 
summoning  his  party  together.  A  marshal 
should  follow  in  the  rear  to  round  up  the  strag- 
glers. Before  setting  out  on  a  long  mountain 
walk,  place  the  members  of  each  squad  in  a  circle 
end  let  each  member  take  note  of  his  two  neigh- 
bors, one  on  his  right,  one  on  his  left,  for  whose 
presence  he  is  to  be  responsible  whenever  the 
march  begins  after  a  halt :  each  member  will  thus 
be  looked  for  by  two  others.  Once  on  the  road, 
keep  together;  those  who  wander  away  from 
their  squad  cause  vexatious  delays.  The  marshal's 

[125] 


GOING          AFOOT 

report,  'All  present  and  ready  to  start,'  is  espe- 
cially important  when  a  descent  begins.  If  a 
member  wishes  to  leave  his  squad  after  low 
ground  is  reached,  he  should  so  report  to  his 
leader/' 

Mr.  Albert  Handy*  notes  another  matter,  in' 
the  following  pleasant  and  sagacious  comment 
upon  walking  parties: 

"A  writer  on  walking  has  suggested  that 
tramping  parties  should  usually  consist  of  but 
two  or  three  persons.  Having  in  mind  a  much 
hackneyed  quotation  concerning  the  trend  of  a 
young  man's  fancy  in  the  spring,  and  the  fact  that 
it  seems  to  have  the  same  trend  in  the  summer, 
autumn,  and  winter,  I  can  conceive  circumstances 
in  which  two  would  be  an  ideal  number — out  of 
consideration,  primarily,  not  for  the  two,  but  for 
the  remainder  of  the  party.  But  I  set  down  here 
another  precept  worthy  of  commendation :  'twos- 
Ing*  should  be  sternly  frowned  upon.  In  the  first 
place,  two  'twpsers'  are  apt  to  get  'lost' — this  in 
direct  proportion  to  their  interest  in  each  other — 
that  is,  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  party ;  and 
time  and  tempers  are  likewise  lost,  permanently, 
very  likely,  in  the  effort  to  retrieve  the  wand- 
erers ;  while  if  they  happen  to  be  carrying  all  the 
lunch,  tragic  possibilities  present  themselves." 

Instruction  about  walking — about  posture,  gait, 
clothing,  and  the  like — may  be  afforded  in  talks 
before  groups  of  pedestrians,  or  (often  with  bet- 
ter effect)  individually,  by  the  group  leader. 
Needless  criticism  and  officiousness  will,  of 
course,  be  avoided;  it  will  suffice  to  provoke  and 
then  to  answer  questions. 

Contributions  to  the  literature  of  pedestrianism 
will  take  the  form  of  description  of  particular 


4New  York  Evening  Post,  July  25 ,  1914. 

[126] 


ORGANIZATION 

regions  in  those  respects  of  interest  to  pedes- 
trians; it  will  include  descriptions  of  particular 
walks,  and  maps. 

Clubs  are  invited  to  relate  themselves  to  the 
League  of  Walkers  (page  137),  which  in  publish- 
ing such  material  will  of  necessity  give  prefer- 
ence to  what  is  to  be  commended  to  widest 
interest. 

CLUB  POLICY 

With  such  activities  in  mind  as  normal  to  a 
pedestrian  club,  certain  matters  of  policy  may  be 
presented  for  consideration. 

Two  tendencies  are  sure  to  manifest  them- 
selves in  any  flourishing  club:  the  one  toward  a 
limited  membership  of  those  who  qualify  by  ac- 
complishing difficult  feats;  the  other  toward  an 
indiscriminate  membership,  including  those  who 
are  ready  to  join  anything — providing  the  rest 
do.  Both  tendencies  are  bad.  The  club  should 
on  the  one  hand  require  of  its  members  an  espe- 
cial interest  in  the  object  of  its  being,  but  it 
should  on  the  other  hand  avoid  exclusiveness. 
Emulation  may  be  stimulated  in  other  and  better 
ways. 

The  aim  of  a  club  should  be  to  bring  home  and 
make  available  to  as  many  persons  as  possible  the 
advantages  in  health  and  happiness  to  be  derived 
from  the  pursuit  of  this  recreation.  This  is  a 
higher  and  better  aim  than  to  produce  phe- 
nomenal walkers  and  mountain  climbers — though 
such  may  incidentally  be  produced.  It  is  a  higher 
and  better  aim  than  a  self -adulating  company  of 
those  who  have  perched  themselves  on  alps. 
Alpine  climbing  is  splendid  sport,  but  the  aim 
mentioned  is  an  ignoble  one.  Says  one  moun- 

[127] 


GOING          AFOOT 

taineer,5  who  is  incidentally  a  delightful  writer, 
with  humility: 

"I  utterly  repudiate  the  doctrine  that  Alpine 
travellers  are  or  ought  to  be  the  heroes  of  Alpine 
adventures.  The  true  way  at  least  to  describe 
all  my  Alpine  ascents  is  that  Michel  or  Anderegg 
or  Lauener  succeeded  in  performing  a  feat  re- 
quiring skill,  strength,  and  courage,  the  difficulty 
of  which  was  much  increased  by  the  difficulty  of 
taking  with  him  his  knapsack  and  his  employer. 
If  any  passages  in  the  succeeding  pages  convey 
the  impression  that  I  claim  any  credit  except  that 
of  following  better  men  than  myself  with  decent 
ability,  I  disavow  them  in  advance  and  do  penance 
for  them  in  my  heart." 

Avoid  membership  campaigns  and  such  like  ad- 
vertising; a  club  to  be  enduring  must  rest  on 
interest  in  the  intrinsic  thing  for  which  the  club 
stands.  An  artificially  created  interest  must  be 
artificially  maintained;  genuine  natural  interest 
is  harmed  by  artificial  interference. 

Dues  should  not  be  burdensome,  discouraging 
membership,  but  should  be  adequate  to  accom- 
plish reasonable  ends,  and  so  tend  to  enlist  and 
to  widen  interest. 

Attention  should  center  on  the  primary  activi- 
ties and  upon  them  chiefly  money  should  be 
spent. 

Publications  should  be  sold  at  cost. 

Adequate  charge  should  be  made  for  the  use 
of  property.  The  Alpine  clubs  of  Europe  fix 
small  membership  fees,  and  give  members  pref- 
erence over  non-members  in  their  lodging  places. 
Members  enjoy  more  favorable  rates  also  for 
meals  and  lodging.  The  ideal  of  the  club  here 
should  be  a  nice  balance  of  simplicity,  comfort, 

"Leslie  Stephen,  "The  Playground  of  Europe." 

[128] 


ORGANIZATION 

and  adequacy;  no  waste,  no  extravagance,  no  sur- 
plus funds. 

Club  emblems  are  often  adopted  and  worn.  As 
in  other  sports,  emulation  may  be  awakened  by 
the  offer  of  trophies.  These  may  be  won  in  com- 
petition, or,  as  is  usually  preferred,  by  walking 
a  certain  number  of  miles  in  a  day,  or  by  cover- 
ing a  certain  distance  in  a  two-weeks'  hike,  or 
the  like. 

In  any  case,  organization  should  be  simple  and 
inconspicuous:  the  wheels  should  turn  auto- 
matically. 

If  acquisition  of  property  is  contemplated,  in- 
corporation will  ordinarily  be  desired,  and 
trustees  will  be  chosen. 

A  CLUB  CONSTITUTION 

For  the  benefit  of  those  who  may  consider  or- 
ganization, a  copy  of  the  by-laws  of  the  Appala- 
chian Mountain  Club  is,  by  permission,  here  in- 
serted. 

BY-LAWS 

ARTICLE  I 

The  Corporation  shall  be  called  the  APPALACHIAN 
MOUNTAIN  CLUB. 

ARTICLE  II 

The  objects  of  the  Club  are  to  explore  the  moun- 
tains of  New  England  and  the  adjacent  regions, 
both  for  scientific  and  artistic  purposes;  and,  in 
general,  to  cultivate  an  interest  in  geographical 
studies. 

ARTICLE  III 

MEMBERSHIP 

1.  There  shall  be  three  classes  of  membership, 
to  be  known  as  active,  corresponding,  and  honorary. 

[129] 


GOING          AFOOT 

2.  Active  members  only,  except   as   hereinafter 
provided,  shall  be  members  of  the  Corporation. 

3.  Elections  to  active  membership  shall  be  made 
by  the  Council,  and  the  affirmative  votes  of  at  least 
four-fifths  of  the  members  present  and  voting  shall 
rbe  necessary  to  election. — Nominations,  in  the  form 
of  a  recommendation,  shall  be  made  in  writing  by 
at  least  two  members  of  the  Club  and  forwarded 
to  the  Recording  Secretary.   Notice  of  such  nomina- 
tions shall  be  sent  to  all  active  members,  who  shall 
have  two  weeks  from  the  date  of  mailing  in  which 
to  express  to  the  Council  their  objections,  and  no 
person   shall   be   admitted   to   membership    against 
the  written  protest  of  ten  members  of  the  Club. 

4.  Corresponding  members  may  be  elected  from 
among  persons  distinguished  in  the  fields  of  moun- 
taineering, exploration,  and  geographical  science,  or 
for  public  spirit  in  the  conservation  of  natural  re- 
sources or  in  other  interests  of  which  the  Club  is 
an  exponent.    Their  election  shall  be  in  the  manner 
prescribed  for  that  of  active  members,  except  that 
the  names  of  candidates  shall  first  be  submitted  to 
a  special  committee. — Honorary  members,  not  to  ex- 
ceed twenty-five  in  number,  may  be  elected  in  the 
same  manner  from  among  the  Corresponding  mem- 
bers.— Corresponding  and  Honorary  members  shall 
iiot  be  members  of  the  Corporation,  unless  they  were 
such  at  the  time  of  their  election,  and  shall  not  be 
•subject  to  any  fees  or  liabilities  whatever. 

5.  The  annual  dues  shall  be  four  dollars,  payable 
January   first.      Each   candidate   elected   to   active 
membership  shall  pay  an  admission  fee  of  eight 
dollars,  and  on  such  payment  shall  be  exempt  from 
the  annual  dues  of  the  current  year. — The  admission 
fee  and  annual  dues  of  members  under  twenty-one 
years  of  age  shall  be  half  the  above  rates. — Mem- 
bers elected  later  than  September  of  any  year  shall 
be  exempt  from  annual  dues  of  the  year  following. — 
Persons  elected  to  active  membership  shall  pay  the 
admission  fee  within  two  months  of  their  election 

[130] 


ORGANIZATION 

(which  payment  shall  be  considered  to  be  an  assent 
to  these  By-laws),  otherwise  the  election  shall  be 
void. 

6.  Any  person  elected  to  active  membership  may 
become  a  life  member  at  any  time  upon  payment 
of  fifty  dollars,  and  shall  thereafter  be  subject  to 
no  fees  or  assessments.    Such  sum  shall  include  pay- 
ment of  the  admission  fee  or  dues  for  the  current 
year.     Active  members  who  have  completed  thirty, 
years  of  membership,  or  who  have  completed  twenty 
years  of  membership  and  have  reached  seventy  years 
of  age,  shall  become  life  members  upon  giving  writ- 
ten notice  to  the  Recording  Secretary,  or  by  vote 
of  the  Council. 

7.  Bills  for  annual  dues  shall  be  sent  to  all  mem- 
bers on  or  near  January  first,  and  those  whose  dues 
are  unpaid  on  April  first  shall  have  notice  of  the 
fact  sent  them  by  the  Treasurer.    He  shall  send,  on 
May  first,  to  members  whose  dues  are  still  unpaid, 
notice  referring  to  this  article,  and  those  in  arrears 
on  June  first  shall  thereupon  cease  to  be  members, 
which  fact,  in  each  case,  shall  be  certified  in  writing 
by  the  Treasurer  to  the  Recording  Secretary,  who 
shall  enter  it  of  record;  but  such  membership  may 
be  revived  by  the  Council   in  its  discretion  upon 
payment  of  past  dues.     The  President  and  Treas- 
urer are  authorized  to  remit  any  fee  sub  silentio, 
when  they  deem  it  advisable. 

8.  If  the  Council  by  four-fifths  vote  shall  decide 
that  the  name  of  any  member  should  be  dropped 
from  the  roll,  due  notice  shall  be  sent  to  such  mem- 
ber, who  shall  within  two  weeks  have  the  right  to 
demand  that  the  matter  be  referred  to  an  investi- 
gating committee  of  five  active  members  of  the  Club, 
two  to  be  appointed  by  the  Council — but  not  from 
its  own  number — two  to  be  selected  by  the  member, 
and  the  fifth  to  be  chosen  by  these  four.     In  the 
absence  of  such  a  demand,  or  if  a  majority  of  this 
committee  shall  approve  the  decision  of  the  Council, 
the  name  of  the  member  shall  be  dropped,  and  there- 

[131] 


GOING          AFOOT 

upon  the  interest  of  such  person  in  the  Corporation 
and  its  property  shall  cease. 

ARTICLE  IV 

ADMINISTRATION 

1.  The  officers  of  the  Club  shall  be  a  President, 
two    Vice-Presidents,    Recording    Secretary,    Corre- 
sponding Secretary,  Treasurer,  four  Departmental 
Councillors,  and  two  Councillors-at-Large,  and  there 
may  be  an  Honorary  Secretary.    These  officers  shall 
form  a  governing  board,  to  be  termed  the  Council, 
and  this  body  shall  elect  new  members,  control  all 
expenditures,  make  rules  for  the  use  of  the  Club's 
property,  except  as  hereinafter  provided,  and  act 
for  its  interests  in  any  way  not  inconsistent  with 
these  By-laws.    Five  members  of  the  Council  shall 
form  a  quorum. 

2.  The  President  shall  preside  at  the  meetings 
of  the  Club  and  of  the  Council,  and  shall  appoint 
;(with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Council)   the 
ceveral  standing  committees.    One  of  the  Vice-Presi- 
dents shall  act  in  the  absence  or  disability  of  the 
President. 

3.  The  Recording  Secretary  shall  be  the  Clerk 
t)f  the  Corporation,  and  shall  have  charge  of  the 
muniments  of  title  and  of  the  corporate  seal.     He 
•shall  keep  a  record  of  p,ll  the  proceedings  of  the 
'Club  and  Council,  give  notice  to  the  members  of  the 
time  and  place  of  meetings,  and  prepare  each  year 
a  report  of  the  Club  and  Council  to  be  presented  at 
the  annual  meeting. 

4.  The  Corresponding  Secretary  shall  conduct  the 
correspondence  of  the  Club  with  kindred  organiza- 
tions and  with  Honorary  and  Corresponding  mem- 
bers, keeping  proper  files  and  records  of  the  same, 
•and  shall  prepare  a  report  for  the  previous  year 
to  be  presented  at  the  annual  meeting. 

%    5.     The   Treasurer,   under  the   direction   of  the 
Council,  shall  collect,  take  charge  of,  and  disburse 

[132] 


ORGANIZATION 

all  funds  belonging  to  the  Club,  except  such  as  are 
in  the  hands  of  the  Trustees  of  Special  Funds  or  by 
Jegal  restriction  are  under  separate  control.  He 
shall  keep  proper  accounts,  and  at  the  annual  meet- 
ing, and  at  other  times  when  required  by  the  Club 
or  Council,  present  a  report  of  its  financial  con- 
dition. 

6.  The  four  Departmental  Councillors  shall  rep- 
resent severally  the  departments  of  Natural  His- 
tory, Topography  and  Exploration,  Art,  and  Im- 
provements.   It  shall  be  their  duty  to  conserve  and 
foster  the  interests  of  their  several  departments, 
and  they  are  authorized  to  call  special  meetings  of 
members  interested  therein,  at  which  they  shall  act 
as   chairmen,    and   to   appoint   departmental   com- 
mittees, subject  to  the  control  of  the  Council.    They 
shall  present  at  the  annual  meeting  reports  of  their 
respective  departments  for  the  year. 

7.  There  shall  be  a  Board  of  Trustees  of  Real 
Estate,  consisting  of  a  member  of  the  Council,  to 
be  designated  by  it,  and  four  other  members  of  the 
Club,  one  being  elected  annually  by  ballot  to  serve 
four  years  and  until  his  successor  is  chosen. — These 
Trustees  shall  elect  annually  from  their  own  num- 
ber a   chairman   and   such   other   officers   as   may 
be    required,    and    may    employ    such    assistance 
as  they  shall  find  necessary.    They  shall  administer 
and  manage  any  real  estate  which  may  be  held  by 
the  Club  as  a  public  trust;  subject,  however,  to  the 
general  supervision  of  the  Council. — Any  real  estate 
other  than  public  trust  reservations  to  which  the 
Club  holds  title  shall  be  managed  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Council,  but  nothing  herein  shall  be  con- 
strued to  mean  that  the  management  of  such  prop- 
erty may  not  be  delegated  to  the  said  Board  of 
Trustees  or  to  a  standing  committee  created  for  the 
purpose. — No  real  estate  shall  be  acquired  or  title 
to  the  same  accepted  except  by  vote  of  the  Council 
upon    the    recommendation    of    this    Board. — The 
Trustees  of  Real  Estate  shall  make  to  the  Club  at 

[133] 


GOING          AFOOT 

the  annual  meeting  a  report  in  writing  relative  to 
the  property  committed  to  their  care,  together  with 
a  statement  of  the  finances  connected  with  their 
trust. 

8.  There  shall  also  be  a  Board  of  Trustees  of 
Special  Funds,  consisting  of  three  members  of  the 
Club,  one  being  chosen  by  ballot  annually  to  serve 
for  three  years  and  until  his  successor  is  elected. 
They  shall  choose  their  own  chairman.    The  Treas- 
urer of  the  Club  shall  not  be  eligible  to  election  upon 
this  Board. — All  permanent  endowments  and  funds 
of  a  permanent  or  special  nature  (unless  otherwise 
legally  restricted),  as  well  as  the   Reserve  Fund 
hereinafter   provided,   shall   be   entrusted   to  these 
Trustees,  and  they  shall  have  power  to  make,  change, 
and  sell  investments. — All  moneys  received  for  life 
membership,  and  such  other  sums  as  may  be  re- 
ceived or  appropriated  for  this  special  purpose,  shall 
be  known  and  invested  separately  as  the  Permanent 
Fund,  of  which  the  income  only  shall  be  expended. — 
There  shall  also  be  a  Reserve  Fund  to  and  from 
which  appropriations  may  be  made  by  not  less  than 
five  affirmative  votes  at  each  of  two  meetings  of  the 
Council,  notice  of  the  proposed  action  having  been 
given  on  the  call  for  the  second  meeting. — At  each 
annual  meeting,  and  at  such  other  times  as  the  Club 
or  Council  may  request,  the  Trustees  of   Special 
Funds  shall  make  a  written  statement  of  the  con- 
dition of  each  of  the  funds  in  their  hands. 

9.  The  fiscal  year  of  the  Club  shall  end  on  De- 
cember 31.     The  Council  shall  at  the  close  of  each 
year  employ  an  expert  accountant  to  audit  the  books 
and  accounts  of  the  Treasurer  and  of  the  Boards 
of  Trustees,  and  shall  present  at  the  annual  meet- 
ing the  written  report  of  his  findings;  it  may  also 
cause  to  be  audited  in  the  same  manner  the  accounts 
of  other  agents  and  committees  of  the  Club. 

10.  The  following  Standing  Committees  shall  be 
appointed:    on  Publications;  on  Field  Meetings  and 
Excursions;  on  Legislation;  on  Active  Membership; 

[134] 


ORGANIZATION 

and  on  Honorary  and  Corresponding  Membership. 
These  Committees  shall  consist  of  not  less  than  five 
members  each,  and  members  of  the  Council  shall  be 
eligible  to  appointment  thereon.  They  shall  be 
vested  with  such  powers  as  the  Council  sees  fit  to 
delegate  to  them,  and  nothing  herein  shall  be  con- 
strued as  prohibiting  that  body  from  appointing 
such  other  committees  as  may  be  required. 

ARTICLE  V 

ELECTION   OF  OFFICERS 

L  The  Officers  and  Trustees  shall  be  chosen  by 
ballot  at  the  annual  meeting,  and  may  be  voted  for 
•on  one  ballot  They  shall  hold  their  offices  until  the 
hext  succeeding  annual  meeting,  or  until  their  suc- 
cessors are  chosen  in  their  stead;  but  any  vacancy 
may  be  filled  by  the  Council,  subject  to  confirmation 
by  the  Club  at  its  next  regular  meeting. — The  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-Presidents  shall  not  be  eligible  for 
more  than  two  consecutive  terms  of  one  year  each, 
nor  the  Councillors  for  more  than  three  consecutive 
years;  the  Honorary  Secretary  may  be  elected  for 
Jife. 

2.  A  Nominating  Committee  of  at  least  five  active 
members  shall  be  appointed  by  the  President,  with 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Council.  No  elective 
officers  of  the  Club  shall  be  eligible  to  serve  on  this 
committee.  The  names  of  said  committee  and  a  list 
of  the  offices  to  be  filled  shall  be  announced  in  the 
call  for  the  October  meeting,  with  a  request  for 
Suggestions  for  nominations  from  members  of  the 
tlub.  The  list  of  candidates  nominated  by  the  Com- 
mittee shall  be  posted  in  the  Club  Room  and  pub* 
lished  with  the  notice  for  the  December  meeting. — 
Twenty-five  or  more  active  members  desiring  to  have 
A  candidate  or  candidates  of  their  own  selection 
placed  upon  the  official  ballot  may  at  any  time  prior 
to  December  20  send  their  nominations,  duly  signed 
by  them,  to  the  Recording  Secretary,  and  the  names 
of  such  candidates,  in  addition  to  those  presented 

[135] 


GOING          AFOOT 

;by  the  Nominating  Committee,  shall  be  printed  on 
the  call  for  the  annual  meeting  and  upon  the  ballots. 
No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  office  unless  nominated 
in  accordance  with  the  foregoing  provisions. 

ARTICLE  VI 

MEETINGS 

The  Council,  or  the  officers  to  whom  it  may  dele- 
gate this  power,  shall  call  a  regular  meeting  of  the 
Club  in  Boston  in  each  month  except  between  June 
and  September  inclusive,  and  special  and  field  meet- 
ings at  such  times  and  places  as  may  seem  advis- 
able. The  January  meeting  shall  be  the  annual 
meeting,  and  shall  be  held  on  the  second  Wednesday 
of  that  month.  Fifty  members  shall  form  a  quorum. 

ARTICLE  VII 

AMENDMENTS 

These  By-laws  may  be  amended  by  a  vote  to  that 
effect  of  at  least  three-fourths  of  the  members  pres- 
ent and  voting  at  two  consecutive  regular  meetings 
of  the  Club,  notice  of  the  proposed  change  having 
been  sent  to  all  active  members. 


JUVENILE  CLUBS 

What  has  been  said  of  the  conduct  of  clubs 
generally  will,  so  far  as  it  is  worth  the  saying, 
afford  sufficient  suggestion  to  school  teachers, 
secretaries  of  young  men's  and  young  women's 
Christian  associations,  and  other  welfare  work- 
ers. Organization  is  not  the  important  thing. 
The  important  thing  is  to  direct  the  minds  and 
activities  of  young  people  into  wholesome  and 
educative  channels. 

In  dealing  with  boys  and  girls  the  educational 
factor  in  pedestrianism  becomes  more  important. 

[136] 


ORGANIZATION 

Lessons  in  biology,  geology,  astronomy,  and  his-i 
tory  are  more  adequately  taught  and  more  thor- 
oughly learned,  when  teacher  and  pupil  come  face 
to  face  with  the  actual  physical  objects  to  which 
study  is  directed.  And  the  way  opens  wide  here, 
not  for  natural  and  social  science,  merely,  but  for 
seemingly  more  remote  subjects:  surveying,  for 
instance,  and  cartography ;  appreciation  of  archi- 
tecture and  of  other  fine  arts;  sketching  and 
English  composition.  Incidentally,  powers  of 
observation,  memory,  thought  are  quickened,  and 
physical  well-being  promoted. 

Even  in  such  minor  matters  as  clothing  and 
shoes,  a  good  deal  of  folly  among  boys  and  girls 
may  be  dissipated,  to  the  substantial  benefit  of 
these  same  girls  and  boys  when  older  grown. 

The  handbook  of  the  Boy  Scouts  will  be  found 
particularly  suggestive  and  helpful  to  those  in 
charge  of  walking  for  young  people. 

Much  wider  use  is  made  in  Europe  than  in  this 
country  of  excursions  as  a  feature  of  school  life ; 
here  as  well  as  over  there,  excursions  afoot  may 
be  encouraged.  But  teachers  must  themselves 
become  pedestrians,  before  such  advantages  and 
enjoyment  as  walking  affords  will  become  avail- 
able to  school  children  generally, 

THE  LEAGUE  OF  WALKERS 

The  plans  for  the  League,  as  thus  far  devel- 
oped, are: 

To  encourage  the  organization  of  walking 
clubs,  and  to  cooperate  with  such  organizations, 
aiding  them  in  making  their  proposals  inviting. 

To  maintain  a  Bureau  of  Information,  where 
specific  advice  about  particular  walks  and  partic- 
ular regions  will  be  preserved  and  made  avail- 

[137] 


GOING          AFOOT 

able  to  all  applicants.  Particular  attention  will 
be  given  to  collecting  data  concerning  scenery, 
geology,  history,  and,  generally,  matters  of  in- 
terest on  particular  walks. 

To  publish  a  "blue  book"  or  guidebook  for 
pedestrians. 

To  give  advice  regarding  clothing,  equipment, 
training,  etc. 

To  promote  inter- Association  and  other  inter- 
club  walking  tours. 

Certificates  will  be  given  to  walking  clubs 
which  enroll  in  the  League.  The  cost  of  enrol- 
ment is  $1.00,  simply  to  pay  for  the  cost  of  the 
certificate. 

Members  of  constituent  walking  clubs  may 
wear  bronze  buttons  or  pins  bearing  the  emblem 
of  the  League.  These  may  be  procured  at  a  nom- 
inal cost  at  347  Madison  Avenue,  New  York. 

A  bronze  medallion,  to  be  worn  as  a  watch  fob, 
will  be  awarded  to  any  one,  a  member  of  a  con- 
stituent walking  club,  who  walks  30  miles  in 
twenty-four  hours,  or  150  miles  in  two  weeks,  or 
who  makes  a  mountain  climb  of  3,000  feet  in  a 
day.  An  applicant  for  a  medallion  will  furnish 
with  his  application  two  letters,  in  addition  to 
his  own,  from  those  best  advised,  stating  the 
facts  as  they  know  them.  The  secretary  of  the 
club  of  which  the  applicant  is  a  member  (it  may 
be  of  a  Y.  M.  C.  A.)  should  also  write,  and  his 
may  be  one  of  the  two  letters  required,  as  just 
said.  If  possible,  the  letters  should  be  written 
by  persons  present,  one  at  the  start  and  the  other 
at  the  finish  of  the  feat.  The  applicants  will  pay 
the  cost  of  the  medallion. 

A  silver  medallion  will  be  awarded,  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  League,  one  each  year,  (1)  to  the 
person  who  sends  to  the  Bureau  the  best  original 

[138] 


ORGANIZATION 

essay  on  walking,  based  upon  actual  experience; 
(2)  to  the  person  who  sends  to  the  Bureau  the 
best  epitome  of  a  walking  tour;  and  (3)  to  the 
person  who  sends  to  the  Bureau  the  best  photo- 
graph taken  on  a  walk. 

A  silver  medallion  may  be  awarded  to  one  who 
performs  some  notable  feat  in  walking,  or  who 
renders  some  valuable  service  in  the  interest  of 
walking. 

Special  recognition  will  be  given  each  year  to 
that  walking  organization  which  has  rendered 
the  best  service  to  the  walking  movement. 

The  emblem  of  the  League  is  pictured  in  the 
design  appearing  in  the  frontispiece.  The  de- 
sign was  modeled  by  Mr.  Royal  B.  Farnum,  Spe- 
cialist in  Industrial  Arts  in  the  New  York  De- 
partment of  Education,  at  the  instance  of  Dr. 
John  H.  Finley,  President  of  the  University  of 
the  State  of  New  York. 

The  desire  of  the  League  is  to  inspire  and  in- 
cite people  to  get  out  of  doors,  to  walk  regularly 
and  systematically,  to  cultivate  a  love  for  the 
open,  and  to  develop  health  and  vigor  and  the  joy 
of  well-being. 

All  organizations  interested  are  requested,  for 
the  common  good,  to  communicate  with  the  New 
York  Bureau  all  data  respecting  regions  under 
cultivation,  and  respecting  particular  walks  and 
tours. 

Communications  should  be  addressed  to  the 
League  of  Walkers,  347,  Madison  Avenue,  New 
York  Cityf 


[139] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


THE  LAKE  ISLE  OF  INNISFREE 

I  will  arise  and  go  now,  and  go  to  Innisfree, 

And  a  small  cabin  build  there,  of  clay  and  wattles 

made; 
Nine  bean  rows  will  I  have  there,  a  hive  for  the 

honeybee, 
And  live  alone  in  the  bee-loud  glade. 

And  I  shall  have  some  peace  there,  for  peace  comes 

dropping  slow, 
Dropping  from  the  veils  of  the  morning  to  where 

the  cricket  sings; 
There  midnight's  all  a  glimmer,  and  noon  a  purple 

glow, 
And  evening  full  of  the  linnet's  wings. 

I  will  arise  and  go  now,  for  always  night  and  day 
I  hear  lake  water  lapping  with  low  sounds  by  the 

shore ; 
While  I  stand  on  the  roadway,  or  on  the  pavements 

gray, 
I  hear  it  in  the  deep  heart's  core. 

William  Butler  Yeats. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

ON  WALKING 

William  Hazlitt — On  Going  a  Journey. 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson — Walking  Tours. 
Henry   David    Thoreau — Walking.      Journal    for 

Jan.  7,  1857. 
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson — Country  Life.     Concord 

Walks. 

Bradford  Torrey — An  Old  Road. 
John  Burroughs — The  Exhilarations  of  the  Road. 

— Footpaths. 
A.  H.  Sidgwick— Walking  Essays. 

ART  OF  WALKING 

C.  P.  Fordyce — Touring  Afoot. 
Arnold  Haultain—Of  Walks  and  Walking  Tours; 
an  attempt  to  find  a  philosophy  and  a  creed. 

MOUNTAINEERING  JOURNALS 

Alpine  Journal,  published  by  the  Alpine  Club,  of 
London. 

Appalachiat  published  by  the  Appalachian  Moun- 
tain Club,  of  Boston. 

Sierra  Club  Bulletin,  published  by  the  Sierra  Club 
of  San  Francisco. 

Mazama,  published  by  the  Mazamas,  of  Portland, 
Oregon. 

Canadian  Alpine  Journal,  published  by  the  Canad- 
ian Alpine  Club. 

CAMPING  AND  WOODCRAFT 
The  Boy  Scout  Handbook. 
G.  W.  Sears— Woodcraft. 
Charles  S.  Hanks — Camp  Kits  and  Camp  Life. 

MOUNTAINEERING 

Scribner's  Out-of-Door  Library — Mountain  Climb- 
ing. 

[143] 


GOING          AFOOT 

C.  T.  Dent  and  others— "Mountaineering"  (Bad- 
minton Library  of  Sports) . 

Frederick  H.  Chapin — Mountaineering  in  Colorado. 

J.  S.  C.  Russell — Mountaineering  in  Alaska. 
(Bulletins  of  the  Amer.  Geog.  Soc.). 

Hudson  Stuck,  D.D.— The  Ascent  of  Denali  (Mt. 
McKinley). 

Belmore  Browne — The  Conquest  of  Mount  Mc- 
Kinley. 

Filippo  de  Filippi,  Duke  of  the  Abruzzi — The 
Ascent  of  Mont  St.  Elias  (translated  by  Signora 
Linda  Villari). 

A.  O.  Wheeler  and  Elizabeth  A.  Parker — In  the 
Selkirk  Mountains. 

E.  A.  Fitz  Gerald— The  Highest  Andes. 

Edward  Whymper — Scrambles  amongst  the  Alps. 

Leslie  Stephen — The  Playground  of  Europe. 

Professor  F.  Umlauft—The  Alps. 

A.  F.  Mummery — My  Climbs  in  the  Alps  and 
Caucasus. 

Charles  Edward  Mathews — The  Annals  of  Mont 
Blanc. 

Guido  Rey — Peaks  and  Precipices:  Scrambles  in 
the  Dolomites  and  Savoy. 

Leone  Sinigaglia — Climbing  Reminiscences  of  the 
Dolomites  (translated  by  Mary  Alice  Vials). 

Harold  Spender — Through  the  High  Pyrenees. 

Fanny  Bullock  Workman  and  William  Hunter 
Workman — Peaks  and  Glaciers  of  Nun  Run. 

William  Martin  Conway — Climbing  and  Explora- 
tion in  the  Karakoram-Himalayas. 

E.  A.  Fitz  Gerald— Climbs  in  the  New  Zealand 
Alps. 

ACROSS  CONTINENTS 

Harry  A.  Franck — A  Vagabond  Journey  Around 
the  World. 

[144] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Charles  F.  Lummis — A  Tramp  across  the  Con- 
tinent (America). 
John  Muir— A  Thousand  Mile  Walk  to  the  Gulf. 

NEW  ENGLAND 

Henry  D.  Thoreau—The  Maine  Woods. 
—Cape  Cod. 
— Excursions. 

In  "A  Week  on  the  Concord  and  Merrimack 
Rivers,"  under  Tuesday,  is  an  account  of  Climb- 
ing Saddleback  Mountain  (Greylock)  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 
Frank  Bolles — Land  of  the  Lingering  Snow.    At 

the  North  of  Bearcamp  Water. 
Bradford  Torrey — Footing  It  in  Franconia. 
— Nature's  Invitation. 
—The  Foot-Path  Way. 
— A  Rambler's  Lease. 
Allen    Chamberlain — Vacation    Tramps    in    New 

England  Highlands. 

Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich — An  Old  Town  by  the  Sea. 
Guide  to  Paths  and  Camps  in  the  White  Moun- 
tains and  Adjacent  Regions  (published  by  the 
Appalachian  Mountain  Club). 
Walks  and  Rides  about  Boston  (published  by  the 
Appalachian  Mountain  Club). 

NORTH  ATLANTIC  STATES 
Joel  T.  Headley — The  Adirondacks. 
John  Burroughs — Locusts  and  Wild  Honey  (Chap. 

"A  Bed  of  Boughs"). 
T.  Morris  Longstreth^- The  Catskills. 

— The  Adirondacks. 

For  walks  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  city, 
see  "Little  Trips  Near-by,"  by  Albert  Handy, 
a  series  of  eight  articles  which  appeared  in  the 
New  York  Evening  Post,  Saturday  Supplement, 
for  Nov.  15,  Dec.  6,  20,  1913,  and  Jan.  10,  April 
18,  May  30,  July  25,  and  Aug.  8,  1914. 

[145] 


GOING          AFOOT 

John  Burroughs — Winter  Sunshine   (Washington, 
D.  C.) 

E.  P.  Weston — The  Pedestrian. 

(Being  a  correct  journal  of  incidents  on  a 
walk  from  the  State  House,  Boston,  Mass.,  to 
the  U.  S.  Capitol,  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  per- 
formed in  ten  consecutive  days) ,  1862. 

CAROLINA  MOUNTAINS 

Horace  Kephart — Our  Southern  Highlanders. 
Bradford  Torrey — Spring  Notes  from  Tennessee. 

—A  World  of  Green  Hills. 
Margaret  W.  Morley — The  Carolina  Mountains. 

FLORIDA 
Bradford  Torrey — A  Florida  Sketch-Book. 

COLORADO 
Enos  A.  Mills— -The  Spell  of  the  Rockies. 

— The  Rocky  Mountain  Wonderland. 
— Wild  Life  on  the  Rockies. 
— Your  National  Parks. 
(See  "Mountaineering.") 

WYOMING 

John  Muir — Our  National  Parks. 
Enos  A.  Mills — Your  National  Parks. 
Hiram  Martin  Chittenden — The  Yellowstone  Na- 
tional Park. 

MONTANA 
Mathilde  Edith  Holtz  and  Katharine  Isabel  Bemis 

— Glacier  National  Park. 
Enos  A.  Mills — Your  National  Parks. 
Walter  McClintock—The  Old  North  Trail. 

ARIZONA 

George  Wharton  James — In  and  around  the  Grand 

Canyon. 

John  Muir — Steep  Trails. 
Bradford  Torrey — Field  Days  in  California  (Chap. 

"A  Bird-gazer  at  the  Canyon"). 

[146] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Enos  A.  Mills — Your  National  Parks. 
WASHINGTON  AND  OREGON 

Enos  A.  Mills— Your  National  Parks. 
CALIFORNIA 
John  Muir— Steep  Trails. 

— My  First  Summer  in  the  Sierras. 
— The  Mountains  of  California. 
— Our  National  Parks. 
— The  Yosemite. 
J.  Smeaton  Chase — California  Coast  Trails. 

— Yosemite  Trails. 

Bradford  Torrey — Field  Days  in  California. 
Dallas  Lore  Sharp — Where  Rolls  the  Oregon. 
Enos  A.  Mills— Your  National  Parks. 
ALASKA 

John  Muir — Travels  in  Alaska. 
Enos  A.  Mills— Your  National  Parks. 
(See  "Mountaineering.") 
CANADA 

Lawrence  J.  Burpee,  Among  the  Canadian  Alps. 
Enos  A.  Mills,  Your  National  Parks. 
(See  "Mountaineering.") 

MEXICO 

Harry    A.    Franck — Tramping   through    Mexico, 
Guatemala  and  Honduras. 

William  T.  Hornaday — Camp  Fires  on  Desert  and 

Lava. 
HAWAII 

Enos  A.  Mills— Your  National  Parks. 
SOUTH  AMERICA 

(See  "Mountaineering.") 
EUROPE 

Robert  Louis  Stevenson — Travels  with  a  Donkey. 

Baedeker's  Guidebooks. 

(See  "Mountaineering.") 

[147] 


GOING          AFOOT 

FRANCE 

H.  H.  Bashford — Vagabonds  in  Perigord. 
William  Morris  Davis — Excursions  Around  Aix- 
les-Bains  (published  for  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Natl.  War 
Work   Council  by  the  Appalachian   Mountain 
Club). 

THE  ALPS 

John  Tyndall — Hours  of  Exercise  in  the  Alps. 
F.  Wolcott  Stoddard — Tramps  through  Tyrol. 
(See  "Mountaineering.") 

SPAIN 
Harry  A.  Franck — Four  Months  Afoot  in  Spain. 

GREECE 
Denton  J.  Snider— A  Walk  in  Hellas. 

RUSSIA 
Stephen  Graham — A  Tramp's  Sketches. 

— A  Vagabond  in  the  Caucasus. 
ASIA  MINOR 
Stephen  Graham — With  the  Russian  Pilgrims  to 

Jerusalem. 
W.  J.  Childs — Across  Asia  Minor  on  Foot. 

TURKESTAN 

Stephen  Graham — Through  Russian  Central  Asia. 
PALESTINE 

John  Finley — A  Pilgrim  in  Palestine. 
BURMA,  SIAM,  COCHIN  CHINA 

Edmund  Candler — A  Vagabond  in  Asia. 
JAPAN 

Lucian  Swift  Kirtland — Samurai  Trails. 
NEW  ZEALAND 

(See  "Mountaineering.") 
NEW  SOUTH  WALES 

H.  J.  Tompkins — With  Swag  and  Billy  (issued  by 
the  Government  Tourist  Bureau,  Sidney). 

[148] 


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